Evaluation of durum wheat genotypes (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) for drought tolerance
Fikeremariam Tegegn Awdamet*, Jürgen Franzaring, Meseret Tesema Terfa, Amsalu Gobena Roro, Andreas Schweiger
Universität Hohenheim, Institute of Landscape and Plant Ecology, Department of Plant Ecology, Stuttgart, Germany
Hawassa University College of Agriculture, School of Plant and Horticultural Science, Hawassa, Ethiopia
Abstract: Understanding genotypic differences of drought response and related, morphological and physiological traits in major crops such as durum wheat is paramount for meaningful crop improvement. Durum wheat remains a critical staple food in marginal land due to its exceptional adaptation to climatic stresses. Nonetheless, its production is threatened and limited due to increasing unpredictable changes in climatic elements such as rainfall and severe drought. In this study, we aimed to identify agronomic, morphological, and physiological traits, and stress tolerance indices most suitable to characterize the drought response of durum wheat genotypes sourced from Ethiopia. For this, we conducted a drought experiment with 15 genotypes of durum wheat. Drought and well-watered treatments were set based on field capacity (FC) of the soil. We found that drought significantly affected plant height, spike length, number of grains per spike, leaf area per plant, biomass and grain yield. Variability in grain yield, plant height, and number of grains per spike across different moisture regimes were observed, but the response patterns remained the same across genotypes, particularly under drought stress. Strong correlations were observed between yield under drought stress and stress tolerance indices. Principal component analysis showed that 65% of the total variation was explained by the first two principal components (PCs) under drought stress. Thus, traits included in the first PC, particularly traits with higher vector loading scores (spike length, number of grains per spike, grain yield and harvest index) and stress tolerance indices are pertinent in screening durum wheat genotypes under drought stress.
Submitted: 18/05/2025 | Revised: 15/10/2025 | Accepted: 21/10/2025
Pages 99-111 | Full Text PDF| Supplementary Data PDF| https://doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.26.20.02.p37
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Chemical characterization and bioactivity of organic extracts from Annona hypoglauca Mart. on Aphis craccivora Koch (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
Moisés Felix de Carvalho Neto*, Antonio Cesar Silva Lima, Rita de Cássia Rodrigues Gonçalves-Gervásio, Antonio Alves de Melo Filho, Edigênia Cavalcante da Cruz Araújo, Gabriel Lopes Bezerra, Camila Alves de Carvalho Melo, Maria da Conceição Campêlo Ferreira, Caroline Bogo Rota, Diones Lima de Souza
Federal University of Amazonas, Faculty of Agrarian Sciences, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
Federal University of Roraima, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agronomia (POSAGRO), Campus do Cauamé, Boa Vista, Roraima, Brazil
Federal University of the São Francisco Valley, Campus Ciências Agrárias, Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil
Federal University of Roraima, Chemistry Department, Campus Paricarana, Boa Vista, Roraima, Brazi
Federal University of the São Francisco Valley, Campus Centro, Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil
Federal University of Amazonas, Instituto de Natureza e Cultura, Benjamin Constant, Amazonas, Brazil
ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9620-8743
Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the bioactivity of ethanolic leaf extracts and hexanic seed extracts from Annona hypoglauca Mart. against Aphis craccivora Koch, as well as to characterize their chemical composition. The chemical constituents were identified by gas chromatography using a flame ionization detector and a mass spectrometer. Toxicity, repellency, and translaminar action were assessed on nymphs and adults of the cowpea aphid. The ethanolic leaf extract was mainly composed of terpenoids, including β-sitosterol (23.69%), phytol (12.11%), neophytadiene (9.45%), and elemol (9.75%). In contrast, the hexanic seed extract was predominantly composed of fatty acids, such as oleic (50.50%), palmitic (24.90%), and stearic (9.00%) acids. Both extracts exhibited toxicity to A. craccivora nymphs, with the hexanic seed extract showing higher potency, requiring lower concentrations to achieve similar effects (LC₅₀ = 3.8 mg·mL⁻¹; LC₉₀ = 59.63 mg·mL⁻¹). The LC₅₀ values of 14.80 mg·mL⁻¹ for the ethanolic leaf extract and 3.80 mg·mL⁻¹ for the hexanic seed extract caused significant toxicity in adults of A. craccivora, in addition to inducing repellency and translaminar activity
Submitted: 05/05/2025 | Revised: 10/10/2025 | Accepted: 18/12/2025
Pages 112-120 | Full Text PDF| https://doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.26.20.02.p56
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Phytochemical characterization of lime (Citrus aurantifolia Christm Swingle) and orange (Citrus × sinensis (L.) Osbeck) rind at Guerrero, Mexico
José Luis Arispe-Vazquez*, Karla Vanessa De Lira-Ramos, Moisés Felipe-Victoriano, José Francisco Díaz-Nájera, Luis Antonio Flores-Hernández*, Sergio Arvar-Serna, José Terrones-Salgado, Agustín Hernández-Juárez, Juan Mayo-Hernández, Daniel Alejandro Cadena-Zamudio, Rocío Toledo-Aguilar, David Heriberto Noriega-Cantú
Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Campo Experimental Iguala. CP. 40000, Guerrero, México
Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Campo Experimental Pabellón, CP. 20660, Aguascalientes, México
Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Campo Experimental Las Huastecas, CP. 89700, Tamaulipas, México
Colegio Superior Agropecuario del Estado de Guerrero, CP. 40000, Guerrero, México.
Decanato de Ciencias de la Vida y la Salud, Escuela de Ingeniería en Agronomía, Centro de Investigación en Horticultura y Plantas Nativas, UPAEP University, CP. 72410, Puebla, México
Departamento de Parasitología, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, CP. 25315, Coahuila, México
Interdisciplinary Research Group of Sechium edule in México (GISeM), CP. 56153, Estado de México, México
Abstract: Phytochemicals, that include both primary and secondary metabolites (SMs) of the plants, are of great interest in a variety of sectors, such as agriculture, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. Recently, it has been recognized that SMs could be used as a basis to develop biopesticides. Lime and orange peels were collected and dried at room temperature from Guerrero, México, this were ground until obtaining a fine powder in a blender and then the extraction of the compounds was conducted. Characterization of plant extracts was done through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The outstanding compounds in the extracts were d-limonene and citric acid. d-Limonene stood out as one of the predominant ones with a concentration of 95.66 %. The ethanolic extracts presented a higher amount of compounds than aqueous extracts. This study represents a significant advance in the characterization and comprehension of orange and lime peel extracts, providing a solid base for future studies and practical applications in various scientific and commercial fields.
Submitted: 24/06/2025 | Revised: 10/11/2025 | Accepted: 18/12/2025
Pages 121-127 | Full Text PDF| https://doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.26.20.02.p62
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Analysis of essential and non-essential amino acid composition, total protein concentration and solubility of the protein concentrate extracted from Avena sativa L. (white oat)
Gabriela Matte Bertoldi, Alana Thais Gisch Andres, Karine Raquel Uhdich Kleibert, Flávia Alessandra da Silva Räder, Viviane Fereira de Mélo, José Antônio Gonzalez da Silva, Ivan Ricardo Carvalho, Raul Vicenzi, Luciana Mori Viero, Maximiliano Segundo Escalona Jiménez, Christiane de Fátima Colet
Northwest Regional University of the State of Rio Grande do Sul (UNIJUÍ). Ijuí, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
Dubai Food Industry and Commerce. Ijuí, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
Department of Pharmacy, Northwest Regional University of the State of Rio Grande do Sul – UNIJUÍ/IJUÍ Campus, Zip Code 98700-000, Ijuí Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
Abstract: Proteins have important cellular functions. In the search for more functional foods, proteins of vegetable origin stand out as a source of amino acids. The objective of this chapter was to develop an efficient protocol for the extraction and isolation of white oat protein to achieve the technical, sensorial and nutritional quality desired for a functional food, and to characterize its essential and non-essential amino acid composition. This study used white oat bran from the URS Taura cultivar, from which defatted oat protein was extracted using the precipitation method. Amino acid contents were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography. The solubility of oat protein was low and its concentration was 65% protein, characterized by the presence of 18 essential and non-essential amino acids, in with the highest concentrations being leucine (5.08 g/100g) and phenylalanine (4.14 g/100g). These and other important essential amino acids make the present isolated product to compete in content levels with other protein sources such as soy and pea. The amino acids found in lower quantities were methionine (1.05g/100g) and tryptophan (0.1g/100g). The final product presented important content values of essential amino acids. However, some low values indicate the need for association with other protein sources. Further experimental studies are necessary to evaluate the nutritional quality and safety of this product.
Submitted: 07/08/2025 | Revised: 19/11/2025 | Accepted: 19/11/2025
Pages 128-132 | Full Text PDF| https://doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.26.20.02.p94
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An in vitro regeneration system for pomegranate (Punica granatum L. cv. Bhagwa) from leaf explants
Sruthi Sivaraman and Ginny Antony*
Department of Plant Science, Central University of Kerala, Periye, 671320, Kerala, India
Abstract: The pomegranate cultivar Bhagwa (Punica granatum L. cv. Bhagwa) is the most popular commercial cultivar in India. Traditional propagation methods are beset with many difficulties that restrict their large-scale multiplication. Thus, the current study was carried out to establish a reliable protocol for genotype-specific in vitro propagation of pomegranate cultivar Bhagwa from the leaf explants via indirect somatic embryogenesis and organogenesis. The leaf explants were cultured in Murashige and Skoog (MS) or Woody Plant Medium (WPM) supplemented with various concentrations and combinations of 6-Benzylaminopurine (BA) and 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) for callus induction (BA (0,1,2,3,4,5 mgl-1) and NAA (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.6 mgl-1)). 100% callus induction was observed in MS medium supplemented with 1mgl-1BA and 0.2 mgl-1 NAA. The best callus growth was observed on MS medium supplemented with 1 mgl-1BA and 1 mgl-1NAA combination after 30 days. MS media containing 5 mg l-1BA with 0.4 mg l-1 NAA produced the highest number of shoots (4 per explant). Among the treatments tested, shoot proliferation was highest on Woody Plant Medium (WPM) supplemented with 5 mg l-1 Kinetin (KT) and on an average produced seven shoots. The excellent root growth (3.9 cm mean length) and rooting per cent (91.1%) were obtained on WPM medium comprising 0.2 mg l-1Indole-3- butyric acid (IBA). Eighty percent of the rooted plantlets were hardened and established in the soil.
Submitted: 07/08/2025 | Revised: 14/10/2025 | Accepted: 19/11/2025
Pages 133-141 | Full Text PDF| https://doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.26.20.02.p96
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Isolation and characterization of siderophore-producing bacteria with antagonist activity against Ganoderma boninense from tropical peatland ecosystems
Dwi Isyana Achmad*, Suntoro Suntoro, Edi Purwanto, Retno Rosariastuti*
Doctoral Program of Agricultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, Indonesia
Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, Indonesia
Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, Indonesia
Department of Agricultural Technology, Pontianak State Polytechnic, Pontianak, Indonesia
ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8041-7444
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5012-4912
Abstract: The presence of diseases in oil palms is still a concern, the most important of which is infection by the fungus Ganoderma boninense, which can be fatal if left uncontrolled, leading to plant death. To encourage the implementation of sustainable agriculture, the role of bacteria as biological control agents is crucial, as they can reduce or replace the use of synthetic pesticides. This research focuses on obtaining bacterial isolates capable of controlling G. boninense infections in oil palm nurseries. This study used a descriptive exploratory method. Peat sampling as a potential source of bacteria was conducted in Teluk Bakung Village, a village in West Kalimantan Province with extensive peatlands, located in Sungai Ambawang District, Kubu Raya Regency. The sample was taken purposively, randomly based on differences in peat maturity (sapric, hemic, and fibric). This research consists of 3 stages: (1) bacterial isolation; (2) bacterial selection with hypersensitivity test on tobacco plants, siderophore production test, and antagonist test against G. boninense in vitro condition; (3) application of selected isolates to oil palm seedlings in peat media infected with G. boninense. In vitro antagonist testing and pot application using a completely randomized design with three replications. The results of the study showed that 12 peat samples used had a pH below 4.00 (very acidic). The sapric, hemic, and fibric samples had fiber contents ranging from 28.95% to 31.75%, 48.77% to 62.45%, and 82.02% to 83.75%, respectively. The fourteen bacterial isolates were obtained from isolation and tested for selection. The results showed that 11 isolates were negative for pathogens, and 6 isolates were positive for producing siderophores. Then, one isolate from sapric, hemic, and fibric was selected, which had the highest percentage of inhibitory power against G. boninense. The three isolates were S2A, H5, and F2. Based on the application test on oil palm seedlings up to week 8, it was observed that the application of all isolates was able to prevent necrosis in the leaves, in contrast to those without bacterial application, which showed quite severe necrosis symptoms.
Submitted: 13/09/2025 | Revised: 18/11/2025 | Accepted: 19/11/2025
Pages 142-147 | Full Text PDF| https://doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.26.20.02.p129
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Biocontrol and growth-promoting potential of Streptomyces hygroscopicus against bacterial leaf blight in rice
Titik Nur Aeny*, Radix Suharjo, Sudi Pramono, Suskandini Ratih Dirmawati, Hamim Sudarsono, Selvi Helina, Hening Puji Pangestu
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Lampung, Indonesia. Jl. Prof. Soemantri Brojonegoro No. 1 Bandar Lampung, Lampung, Indonesia
Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Lampung, Indonesia. Jl. Prof. Soemantri Brojonegoro No. 1 Bandar Lampung, Lampung, Indonesia
ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2103-3560
Abstract: This study evaluated the antagonistic activity and plant growth-promoting potential of Streptomyces hygroscopicus against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, the causal agent of bacterial leaf blight (BLB) in rice, under in vitro and greenhouse conditions. Experiments were arranged in a completely randomized design. In vitro assays compared sterile water, chloramphenicol, and S. hygroscopicus, while greenhouse trials assessed three application doses of S. hygroscopicus (5, 10, and 15 mL per plant), a bactericide, and a control treatment, each with four replications. The in vitro assay demonstrated a strong antagonistic effect of S. hygroscopicus, indicated by the formation of distinct inhibition zones against X. oryzae. Under greenhouse conditions, foliar application of S. hygroscopicus (5 – 15 mL per plant; 10⁸ cfu/mL) delayed disease incubation, significantly reduced disease severity and the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC). Moreover, higher application doses (10 – 15 mL per plant) enhanced plant height and leaf number. A clear dose-dependent reduction in AUDPC was observed, indicating sustained suppression of disease development over time. Overall, the results highlight the potential of S. hygroscopicus as an effective and environmentally friendly biocontrol agent with additional plant growth-promoting benefits. Further studies under field conditions are recommended to confirm its consistency and applicability in integrated management of bacterial leaf blight in rice.
Submitted: 26/09/2025 | Revised: 22/11/2025 | Accepted: 20/01/2026
Pages 148-156 | Full Text PDF| https://doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.26.20.02.p138
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Towards organic agriculture as a pathway to agricultural sustainability: A review
Majeed Kadhim Abbas*, Ali Sabah Al-Hassan
College of Agriculture Tecniques/Al-Mustaqbal Private University, Babylon, Iraq
College of Agriculture/Al-Qadisiyah University, Al-Diwaniyah, Iraq
ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8212-6819
Abstract: Organic farming is among the most rapidly expanding industries in agriculture. Organic agricultural strategy employs organic fertilizers, while prioritizing methods such as crop rotation and companion planting to ensure sustainable agriculture. To complete the output, we reviewed 50 studies that examined sustainable agriculture; its components and methods. Furthermore, we identified organic farming, its advantages, challenges and contribution to sustainable development. Sustainable development is characterized as progress that satisfies current demands without jeopardizing the capacity of future generations to fulfill their own requirements. This is achieved through resource utilization, investment direction, technological advancement, and institutional transformation. Human, economic, and social development are critical domains for attaining sustainable development. Agriculture is universally acknowledged as an essential element of sustainable development over the long run. Sustainable agriculture is characterized by the effective use of agricultural resources to fulfill evolving human requirements, while preserving or enhancing environmental quality and conserving natural resources. Organic farming gained prominence in the 1970s owing to the growing awareness of the harmful environmental effects of some synthetic pesticides and fertilizers. It denotes a system that predominantly avoids or eliminates synthetic inputs, including inorganic fertilizers, pesticides, hormones, and similar substances. Organic farming is a production system that preserves the integrity of soil, ecosystems, and human health. It depends on natural processes, biodiversity, and cycles adapted to local conditions, rather than on inputs having detrimental impacts. The principles of health, ecology, justice, and compassion serve as the foundational pillars of organic agriculture. We may draw the conclusion that organic farming is a successful strategy for preserving environmental equilibrium and protecting natural resources like soil, water, air, forests, biodiversity, and so forth. Agricultural productivity is increased by organic farming's creative and sustainable methods.
Submitted: 30/09/2025 | Revised: 04/12/2025 | Accepted: 03/01/2026
Pages 157-164 | Full Text PDF| https://doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.26.20.02.p142
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Combining ability, maternal and reciprocal effects for growth traits, total carotenoids and beta carotene in yellow maize (Zea mays L.)
Gilbert Ansah*, Harry M. Amoatey, Vivian Oduro, Godwin Amenorpe, Elvis Asare-Bediako, Emmanuel Afutu, Alfred A. Darkwa, Doris A. Dzimega, Rosemary Kusi-Adjei, Emmanuel K. Quartey, Joseph Nunoo, Kwadwo Owusu Ayeh, Nusrat Tsemah Afful, Samuel Amiteye
Department of Nuclear Agriculture and Radiation Processing, School of Nuclear and Allied Sciences, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
Biotechnology and Nuclear Agricultural research Institute (BNARI), Ghana Atomic Energy Commission (GAEC), P. O. Box AE 50, Accra, Ghana
Department of Crop Science, School of Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
Department of Plant and Environmental biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
Abstract: Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) is a major public health problem in Ghana where almost 95% of the maize produced is consumed by humans. Despite efforts to improve the crop, most PVA varieties have not met the current international target of combating VAD. To improve the beta carotene content of yellow maize it expedient to understand the nature of gene action driving the performance and heritability of the trait to identify and select best performing genotypes as parents for further breeding aimed at improving the beta carotene content. Two genotypes NZER1(local landrace) and HONAMPA (PVA variety) and four PVA genotypes (DZIFO, AHOOFE, LY1203-20, LY1501-6) were planted and crossed on the field using Griffins diallel method I model I. The study revealed significant variation for total carotenoids and beta-carotene content ranging between 4.947 μg/g to 19.19μg/g with a mean of 10.91 μg/g and 1.096 μg/g to 5 μg/g with a mean of 2.062 μg/g respectively. AHOOFE and DZIFO revealed high GCA effects for beta carotene content as male parents and DZIFO and LY 15 had high GCA effects as female parents and therefore could be considered for progeny selection. High SCA effects were obtained by HON*NZE (3.516), HON*LY12 (3.333), HON*LY15 (3.442), AHO*DZI (4.224), AHO*NZE (2.465) for beta carotene. AHO*DZI, HON*LY15, DZI*LY12 had high SCA effect for total carotenoid. These parental combinations will best useful for development of hybrid varieties with improved beta carotene content.
Submitted: 30/09/2025 | Revised: 17/11/2025 | Accepted: 27/12/2025
Pages 165-172 | Full Text PDF| https://doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.26.20.02.p161x
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Trends in laser marking technology for agricultural products in Africa
Moses Addo Nartey*, Samuel Novor, Felix Amenyo Eyahanyo, Francis Kudjoe, Kwaku Ayepah
Department of Animal Production and Health, University of Energy and Natural Resources, School of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Box 214, Sunyani, Ghana
Department of Horticulture and Crop Production, University of Energy and Natural Resources, School of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Box 214, Sunyani, Ghana
Earth Observation, Research and Innovation Centre (EORIC), University of Energy and Natural Resources, School of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Box 214, Sunyani, Ghana
Rizhao Marine Engineering Vocational College, China
ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9379-3737
Abstract: Product marking is very important as it provides information about the product through the agricultural value chain without the information being missing or tampered with. Therefore, it is necessary to use technologies that would permanently mark agricultural products, and one such technology is laser marking. This technology is being explored and used in other parts of the world, such as Europe, Australia, and the United States, intensively in the agriculture sector. However, in Africa, it has been used in only a few countries such as South Africa, Kenya, and Nigeria. There is a need to encourage, educate, and sensitize people on the beneficial effects of its use, such as high precision of work, permanent marking, high resistance to external effects like heat and abrasion, low power consumption, and being environmentally friendly. Therefore, this paper seeks to review the trends of laser marking of agricultural products in Africa and also provide recommendations on its use, especially in Ghana.
Submitted: 30/09/2025 | Revised: 09/11/2025 | Accepted: 10/12/2025
Pages 173-187 | Full Text PDF| https://doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.26.20.02.p355x
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Morphological characterization of 18 varieties of local rice in Mozambique
Salvado Kissoky Moses Nduma Mropes, Leonel Domingos Moiana*, Leonel Abel Alberto, Jacinto Manuel Andreque, Hermínio Abade
Zambezi University. FEAF. Estrada Nacional N o 1. Vila de Mocuba. Nacogolone-Zambézia. Mozambique
Regional Research Center of leadership for Rice, Instituto de Investigação Agrária de Moçambique, National Rood Number 1, W/N, Namacurra-Zambezia.
Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of South Africa, Roodepoort, South Africa
Abstract: The morphological characterization of 18 rice varieties in Mozambique is essential to identify and preserve genetic diversity, selecting high-yielding varieties that are adaptable to our country's ecosystem and can support future breeding programs for sustainable agriculture. For this study, the most produced varieties in our country were chosen, as they are drought tolerant and have a good smell. The study was carried out at the Regional Center for Rice Leadership and Research/IIAM using a randomized block design with three replications. Sixteen descriptors were analyzed, of which six were qualitative characteristics (ligule color, auricle color, leaf color, flag leaf posture, stalk growth habit and leaf pubescence) and ten were quantitative characteristics (flowering days, full flowering days, stalk length, stalk diameter, panicle length, number of tillers, fertile tillers, harvest days, 1000 grain weight). The statistical package RStudio version 4.5.0 was used for data analysis. Regarding productivity, there was a statistical difference between the averages and the Simão variety presented the highest productivity, 2,614.17 kg/ha. Mahalanobis distancing was used because it allows quantifying the degree of dissimilarity between different genotypes based on multiple morphological characters. The Manhattan distance analysis identified genetic diversity among varieties, where the largest distances were observed between Humwenhe and Simão (1245.085), Nene and Simão (1215.392), and others. Cluster analysis grouped the varieties into four distinct groups. highlighting potential crosses for breeding programs. These findings provide valuable insights for rice genetic improvement and conservation efforts.
Submitted: 30/09/2025 | Revised: 08/01/2026 | Accepted: 08/02/2026
Pages 188-197 | Full Text PDF| https://doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.26.20.02.p383x