Australian Journal of Crop Science   AJCS

Antixenosis and antibiosis to Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera Noctuidae) in sunflower genotypes

Guilherme Gual, Débora de Sousa Miranda, André Cirilo de Sousa Almeida*, Paulo Cesar Ribeiro da Cunha, Flávio Gonçalves de Jesus

Instituto Federal Goiano-Campus Urutaí, 75790-000, Urutaí, GO, Btazil

Abstract
Sunflowers are grown in various countries throughout the world and used for cooking oil, biodiesel, animal feed and as ornamental plants. Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith) is a polyphagous insect species that is native to tropical America and that has spread rapidly around the world. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate resistance of sunflower genotypes to S. frugiperda . This was accomplished by assessing antibiosis and antixenosis in 25 sunflower genotypes. Were evaluated: free and no-choice attractiveness test, larval stage: period and viability of the larval stage and weight of caterpillars at ten days of age; pre-pupa stage: period and viability; pupal stage: period, weight at 24 hours of age and viability; complete cycle: period and viability; adult stage: daily longevity assessments and sex ratio; nutritional parameters The BRS 55 and BRS 64 genotypes showed antixenosis resistance in choice and no-choice tests. Biological and nutritional measures demonstrated that the BRS 323, BRS 56, BRS 65 genotypes were unfavorable to S. frugiperda development. These genotypes showed moderate resistance and could be used by sunflower growers as a way of controling S. frugiperda.

Pages 753-760 | Full Text PDF| doi: 10.21475/ajcs.23.17.10.p3555
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Edaphoclimatic and genetic influence on soil water availability factor for different sugarcane varieties

João Carlos Rocha Dos Anjos*, José Alves Júnior, Derblai Casaroli, Jéssica Sousa Paixão, Carlos Cesar Silva Jardim, Fernando Rezende da Costa, Adão Wagner Pego Evangelista, Aderson Soares de Andrade Júnior, Gustavo Cassiano da Silva, Rafael Battisiti

Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Escola de Agronomia, Avenida Esperança, Campus Samambaia, CEP 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
Embrapa Meio-Norte, Avenida Duque de Caxias, no 5.650, CEP 64006-220 Teresina, PI, Brazil

Abstract
Sugarcane is grown in all Brazilian states; however, water stress is the main limiting factor of crop productivity in most farming environments (FEN). Thus, the objective was to verify the water availability factor in the soil (factor f) between FEN and sugarcane varieties. The assay was conducted in the Central and Southern Regions of Goiano, in Red Latosol with distinct physical-water attributes among the FEN. Three varieties of sugarcane - Vs (CTC4, RB966928 and RB867515), five factor f (0.41; 0.46; 0.66; 0.72; and 0.84), and two cultivation environments (Goianésia and Quirinópolis), in a sugarcane plant cycle (2019/2020) were evaluated. The randomized block design was used in a factorial scheme (3x5x2), with four replications. The physiological variables (liquid photosynthesis - Lp, stomatic conductance - Sc, leaf transpiration - Lt and temperature gradient leaf atmosphere - TGLA), ton of stalk per hectare - TSH, total recoverable sugars - TRS, ton of POL per hectare - TPH, sugar and alcohol. They were submitted to the F test, mean comparison and quadratic regression. The Sc, Lt and Lp differed statistically between themselves and between FEN, when submitted to the same factor f and Vs, reflecting in penalty in TSH and POL, TRS , sugar and alcohol. Indicating that factor f varies, both between FEN and between Vs. CTC4 has higher productive potential than other Vs; however, more sensitive to soil water depletion (lower factor f), reflecting lower Lp and TSH in both FEN. The factors of soil water availability to avoid water stress were 0.5, 0.49 and 0.47 for RB867515, RB966928 and CTC4, respectively, in Quirinópolis; and 0.47, 0.47 and 0.44 for RB867515, RB966928 and CTC4, respectively, in Goianésia.

Pages 761-769 | Full Text PDF| doi: 10.21475/ajcs.23.17.10.p3853
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The effects of the different sowing methods and planting density on the yield components of soybean (Glycine max) under intercropping condition with rhodes grass (Chloris gayana Kunth.)

Yogi Sidik Prasojo, Mitsuhiro Niimi, Masatsugu Hashiguchi, Melody Muguerza, Genki Ishigaki*

Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Gakuenkibanadai Nishi 1-1, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
Faculty of Regional Innovation, University of Miyazaki, Gakuenkibanadai Nishi 1-1, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
Sumiyoshi Livestock Science Station, Field Science Education Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Shimanouchi 10100-1, Miyazaki, 880-0121, Japan

Abstract
In Japan, grass-legume intercropping systems are being developed to increase quality and yield of grain and forage. Hence, this study evaluated the effects of sowing methods and planting density on yield traits of forage soybean under intercropping condition with rhodes grass. The field experiment was laid on in a completely randomized block design with four treatments and four replications. Rhodes grass seeds were sown at 2.8 kg/10a in a field containing mono- and intercropping-plots. For soybeans, two levels of sowing densities (about 15 or 30 seeds/m2: named “L” and “H”) and two sowing methods (row or spray: named “R” and “S”) were applied for a total of four different intercropping combinations. Rhodes grass DMY obtained the highest in low level of sowing density with rowing methods (LR) (338 kg/10a) while soybean DMY obtained the highest in high level of sowing density with rowing methods (HR) (251 kg/10a) and in high level of sowing density with spray methods (HS) (177 kg/10a). Intercropping at low density increased CP (12%) and CPY (40.4 kg DM/10a) in Rhodes grass, and CP (18.9%) in soybeans, whereas high sowing density increased soybean CPY in HR (41.5 kg DM/10a) and contributed to higher soybean CPY in DM percentage at 66% (HS) and 56% (HR). Overall, high density sowing increased the 1st total DMY while row sowing increased the 1st total CPY in both crops at the first cutting, while monocropping increased Rhodes grass yield and plant length at the second-cutting. Also, sowing soybean by a broadcast spreader could obtain sufficient crude protein yield as a forage soybean in southern Kyushu, Japan. Further studies are needed for soybean overseeding method and use of early-maturity soybean lines.

Pages 770-775 | Full Text PDF| doi: 10.21475/ajcs.23.17.10.p3880
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Foliar application of chitosan and plant probiotic bacteria influencing the growth, productivity and bulb storage life of onion

Tithy Ray, Joydeb Gomasta*, Jahidul Hassan, Md. Shamim Hossain, Emrul Kayesh*

Department of Horticulture, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh
Department of Entomology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh

Abstract
Onion having several health promoting phytochemical contents is an important spices in most of the countries of the world as well as vegetables in particular and chitosan and plant probiotic bacteria are few proven natural growth enhancing agents. Here, three bio-stimulants namely Chitosan (100 and 200 ppm), Paraburkholderia BRRh-4 bacteria (1.5 × 109 CFU mL-1) and Clybio (0. 1%) in singly as well as combining one another were applied at twelve different treatment combinations including control with the aim of investigating the below and above ground vegetative growth, bulb productivity and post-harvest storage performance of onion cv. “Taherpuri”. The experiment was set up in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) maintaining three replicates and conducted during November 2019 to June 2020 where the bio-stimulant formulations were sprayed in the foliage at 20, 40 and 60 days after transplanting (DAT). Reproductive behaviors of the onion cultivar differed significantly among the treatments and those were the resultants of statistically varied vegetative performances recorded at 30, 60 and 90 DAT. Chitosan @ 100 ppm + Clybio (0.1%) + Paraburkholderia BRRh-4 (1.5 × 109 CFU mL-1) combination exhibited statistical superiority over the other treatments in terms of plant height (53.230 cm), number of leaves (10.13/plant), leaf length (41.20 cm) and diameter (10.33 mm), number of roots (32.53/plant), root length (12.23 cm), neck and bulb diameter (11.20 mm and 4.83 cm, respectively) and bulbing ratio (0.23) at 90 DAT. While, shoot and root growth didn’t vary significantly at earlier stages (at 30 DAT). Again, the highest yield (3.36 kg/plot and 10.45 t/ha) was also obtained from Chitosan @ 100 ppm + Clybio (0.1%) + Paraburkholderia BRRh-4 (1.5 × 109 CFU ml-1) treatment. The combination of chitosan and probiotic bacteria had significant influence on post-harvest storage qualities of onion where the longest shelf life/marketable life (8.17 months) with the lowest physiological weight loss and bulb rotting at 90 days after harvest was administered in Chitosan @ 100 ppm + Clybio (0.1%) + Paraburkholderia BRRh-4 (1.5 × 109 CFU mL-1) treatment. Besides the best treatment, Chitosan @ 100 ppm + Clybio (0.1%) and Chitosan @ 100 ppm + Paraburkholderia BRRh-4 (1.5 × 109 CFU mL-1) produced statistically superior results over control for onion growth and development. Therefore, chitosan and plant probiotic bacteria can be judiciously used for quality onion production in the warm and humid areas of the world.

Pages 776-788 | Full Text PDF| doi: 10.21475/ajcs.23.17.10.p3888
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Simulation of oat yield through biological and environmental variables for reducing fungicide application and increasing interval from application to grain harvest

Eldair Fabrício Dornelles, José Antonio Gonzalez da Silva, Ivan Ricardo Carvalho*, Christiane de Fátima Colet, Deivid Araújo Magano, Gerusa Massuquini Conceição, Odenis Alessi, Natiane Carolina Ferrari Basso, Cibele Luisa Peter, Juliana Aozane da Rosa, Lara Laís Schünemann, Larissa Bortolini Pomarenke

Regional University of the Northwest of the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Ijuí, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

Abstract
Simulation models based on biological and environmental variables allow the analysis of scenarios in proposing more sustainable management. The objectives is to identify potential biological and environmental variables for inclusion and validation of multiple linear regression model for yield simulation and analyze scenarios that promote yield and satisfactory control of foliar diseases, with longer intervals between the last fungicide application and the grain harvest. The study was conducted in 2015, 2016, 2017, in Augusto Pestana, RS, Brazil. The soil is classified as Oxisol and the climate of the region as Cfa type, by the Köppen classification. The experimental design was randomized blocks, with three replications, in a 22 x 4 factorial, for 22 oat cultivars (10 recommended and 12 no longer recommended) and 4 fungicide use conditions (no application; one application 60 days after emergence (DAE); two applications, 60, 75 DAE; and three applications, 60, 75, 90 DAE. In 2015 and 2016, the fungicide FOLICUR® CE was used, and in 2017 PRIMO®, at a dosage 0.75 and 0.3 liters ha-1, respectively. Necrotic leaf area, rainfall depth, mean minimum and maximum temperatures, thermal sum, and crop cycle period (days) are potential variables by the Stepwise technique in the simulation of oat yield, validating the use of the multiple linear regression. The condition with three fungicide applications, at 60, 75, 90 DAE, resulted in satisfactory foliar disease control and grain yield, while maintaining a long interval between the last fungicide application and the grain harvest, thus improving the safety of the product obtained.

Pages 789-797 | Full Text PDF| doi: 10.21475/ajcs.23.17.10.p3918
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Biofortification via foliar application of zinc in oat grains and the effects on nutritional quality and productivity indicators

Adriana Roselia Kraisig, José Antonio Gonzalez da Silva, Ivan Ricardo Carvalho*, Christiane de Fátima Colet, Juliana Fachinetto, Denize da Rosa Fraga, Gerusa Massuquini Conceição, Cibele Luisa Peter, Juliana Aozane da Rosa, Natiane Carolina Ferrari Basso, Cristhian Milbradt Babeski, Pedro Diel, Júlia Sarturi Jung

Regional University of the Northwest of Rio Grande do Sul, Ijuí, Brazil. Street of Comércio 3000, Universitário, Ijuí/RS, Brazil

Abstract
Foods enriched with zinc can reduce the rates of many diseases and health expenses. Oat, as a nutraceutical food, represents a potential nutritional source by increasing the levels of zinc in the grains by biofortification. The objective of the study is zinc enrichment in oat grains and caryopses, with analysis of productivity indicators, industrial and chemical quality of the grains for technology validation. The experiment was carried out in 2017, 2018 and 2019, in Augusto Pestana, RS, Brazil. The experimental design was randomized blocks with eight replications and five levels of zinc doses (0, 500, 1000, 2000 and 4000 g ha-1) applied via foliar in the grain filling phase. There are almost no changes in oat panicle components due to the effect of biofortification doses by the compound with zinc, and no change in grain yield regardless of agricultural year. Indicators of industrial quality and organic composition of oat grains are not effectively affected by biofortification, ensuring the use of technology without compromising these variables. Considering caryopsis the edible product of oats, from 2000 g ha-1 of zinc sulfate, biofortification of the product is guarantee. Biofortification via foliar by the compound with zinc promotes a significant increase of zinc in oat grains and caryopsis, however, reducing the iron content in these structures.

Pages 798-806 | Full Text PDF| doi: 10.21475/ajcs.23.17.10.p3939
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Agronomic performance of green corn at different sowing times and nitrogen doses

Luciana Maria da Silva, Cleiton Gredson Sabin Benett, Cecília Leão Pereira Resende, Maryelle Barros da Silva, Rogério Lamim Silva Junior, Katiane Santiago Silva Benett, Amanda Tavares da Silva, Anderson Dias Vaz de Souza, Lígia de Fátima da Silva

State University of Goiás, Ipameri University Unit, Southeast Campus, Ipameri-GO, Brazil

Abstract
The present study aimed to identify the best sowing time and the best nitrogen dose in topdressing of the corn crop for "green ear" consumption. The experiment was conducted between October 2018 and June 2019 in a commercial crop, in Ipameri, Goiás, Brazil. The soil in the experimental area is classified as dystrophic Red-Yellow Latosol with clayey texture. The experimental design used was the randomized blocks, in a 5 x 5 factorial scheme, with five sowing times [1st (10/19/2018); 2nd (11/29/2018); 3rd (01/08/2019); 4th (02/18/2019) and 5th (03/28/2019)], implemented with 40 days intervals, after the first sowing, and five nitrogen doses (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg ha-1), with four replicates. The following factors were evaluated for each sowing time: relative chlorophyll index, leaf dry mass, leaf nitrogen content, plant height, first ear insertion height, ears diameter and length, the total yield of ears with husks, the yield of commercial ears without husks and grain yield. The data were submitted to the analysis of variance (F-test). The sowing times and nitrogen doses in topdressing influenced the leaf nitrogen content, relative chlorophyll index, leaf dry mass, yield, and most of its components. Thus, it can be indicated that the best time for sowing corn for fresh consumption is in October (1st sowing time), and the estimated nitrogen dose in topdressing to obtain the maximum yield is 160 kg ha-1 of nitrogen.

Pages 807-815 | Full Text PDF| doi: 10.21475/ajcs.23.17.10.p3952