Australian Journal of Crop Science   AJCS

Genetic diversity among cultivated and wild lentils for iron, zinc, copper, calcium and magnesium concentrations

Debjyoti Sen Gupta*, Dil Thavarajah*, Rebecca J. McGee, Clarice J. Coyne, Shiv Kumar, Pushparajah Thavarajah

Cereal Science Graduate Program, Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58102, USA
ICAR-ARS, Division of Crop Improvement, Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur, UP, 208024, India,
Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, 270 Poole Agricultural Center, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
Grain Legume Genetics and Physiology Research Unit, USDA/ARS, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
Western Regional Plant Introduction Station, USDA/ARS, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
BIGM Program, ICARDA, B. P. 6299, Rabat-Institutes, Rabat, Morocco
International College Beijing, China Agricultural University, No.17 Qinghua Dong Road, Haidian District, Beijing, Post Code 100083, China

Abstract
Information on the seed mineral concentration of cultivated and wild lentils is limited. The objective of this study was to determine the concentrations of iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), calcium (Ca), copper (Cu), and magnesium (Mg) in the seeds of 26 lentil genotypes representing 4 species and 3 subspecies of Lens. Plants were grown in a greenhouse using a completely randomized design with three replicates (n=78). Seed mineral concentrations were measured using acid digestion followed by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy. Concentrations of Fe, Zn, Ca, Cu, and Mg in seeds varied from 26-92, 17-51, 97-536, 3-12 and 272-892 mg kg-1, respectively, among the Lens culinaris genotypes. Mineral concentrations for L. lamottei (Fe=64-80, Zn=26-40, Ca=311-434, Cu=2-6, Mg=754-839 mg kg-1), L. nigricans (60-70, 33-39, 508-590, 3-4, 445-738 mg kg-1) and L. ervoides (65, 37, 339, 6, 638 mg kg-1) were within the range of Lens culinaris genotypes. No wild species was superior to cultivated ones for all micronutrients. A larger set of germplasm should be evaluated in future experiments to identify additional genetic variation in lentil for these micronutrients.

Pages 1381-1387 |  Read More | DOI: 10.21475/ajcs.2016.10.10.pne6

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Rapid screening assay for precise and reliable estimation of cyanide content in sorghum

Rama Harinath Reddy, Balasamy Jayaraman Karthikeyan, Somanath Agasimani, Ramadoss Bharathi Raja, Venkatesan Thiruvengadam, Sundaram Ganesh Ram*

Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Dookie College, Dookie, VIC, 3647, Australia
Department of Plant Genetic Resources, Centre for Plant Breeding and Genetics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore – 641 003, Tamil Nadu, India
University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru-560 065, Karnataka, India

Abstract
Determining the cyanogenic potential of crop plants using traditional biochemical methods are laborious and time consuming. Presently, the Feigl-Anger paper method is being employed for qualitative analysis of cyanogenic potential of plant samples in a rapid and cost effective manner. To improve this technique from its status of qualitative to a more reliable semi-quantitative assay, the Feigl-Anger Densitometry (FAD) method was developed. This method measures the intensity of blue spots on the Feigl-Anger paper, after its exposure to HCN released from Sorghum leaf tissues during a freeze thaw cycle. For colour intensity measurements, a densitometric software was employed. The densitometry results obtained from test samples and standards were compared with corresponding values obtained from quantitative spectrophotometric analysis. The results of FAD in a set of 66 germplasm lines revealed high correspondence with cyanide contents estimated through widely used spectrophotometric method of Lambert (R2=0.9107). Further, our method was also validated with known concentrations of KCN standards (R2= 0.9661). Hence it was concluded that FAD can be employed to estimate HCN content in Sorghum rapidly with acceptable precision in a simple lab setup. The method can be suitable for screening of large number of mutants and segregating plant populations for the selection of low hydrogen cyanide lines in breeding programmes.

Pages 1388-1392 | Read More | DOI: 10.21475/ajcs.2016.10.10.pne17
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The effect of different sources of N combined with marine algae on corn plant development

Rafaella Ferreira Batista Bernardes^*, Atalita Francis Cardoso, Murilo Henrique de Deus Bernardes, Regina Maria Quintão Lana

Agrarian Science Institute, Post-Graduate Program in Agronomy, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia – UFU. St. Amazonas n/n, Umuarama Campus. Build 2E. ZIP 38400-902. Uberlândia, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different sources and doses of N combined with marine algae on the development of corn plants. Field experiments were conducted from December 2010 to February 2012 in Uberlândia, Minas Gerais. The experimental plots were laid out in a randomized block design with sub-subdivided plots. Different nitrogen sources in the form of immediate-release and controlled-release urea were evaluated on plots; rates of 0 (control), 60, 100 and 120 kg of N ha-1 were evaluated on subplots; and applications with or without marine algae were evaluated on sub-subplots. The dose of marine algae corresponded to 20% of the dose of urea. The study concluded that the application of marine algae in corn did not influence the efficiency of the different nitrogen sources. However, increasing nitrogen doses resulted in higher content of foliar N, thousand-grain weight and crop yield.

Pages 1393-1398 | Read More | DOI: 10.21475/ajcs.2016.10.10.pne26 
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Effects of nitrogen fertilization and hydroretentor gel application in Capsicum spp. cultivation

Lorena B. Carneiro, Rogério L. Silva Junior, Fábio J. Carvalho, Mariana V. Nascimento, Ricardo C. Xavier, Katiane S. S. Benett, Cleiton G. S. Benett*, Edilson Costa

Goiás State University (UEG), Rodovia GO 330, km 241, Anel Viário, Setor Universitário, 75780-000, Ipameri Campus, Goiás, Brasil
Goiano Federal Institute (IF Goiano), Urutaí Campus, GO, Brazil
Mato Grosso do Sul State University (UEMS), Cassilândia Unit, MS, Brazil

Abstract
Pepper cultivation is widely accepted by consumers and is responsible for supporting the establishment of family farming by providing employment for manpower. This study aimed to investigate the effects of nitrogen fertilization and hydroretentor gel application on the development and productivity of Capsicum sp. Each experiment applied a 2 x 5 factorial randomized block design, with and without the application of hydroretentor gel (factor A) with five N (factor B) doses (0; 50; 100; 150 and 200 kg ha-1), and four replications. Analysis was made of the foliar nitrogen content, chlorophyll content, plant height, stem diameter, fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit number and weight, and productivity. The application of gel hidroretentor only influenced the culture of chilli pepper in the development and productivity. The nitrogen doses increased the productivity of yellow chilli and favored only the development of chilli pepper

Pages 1399-1403 | Read More | DOI: 10.21475/ajcs.2016.10.10.pne56
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Cultivation of resistant soybean varieties and application of silicon (Si) on biology of Euschistus heros (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

Paulo Vinicius de Souza, Bruna Ribeiro Machado, Jose Cola Zanuncio, Marcio Silva Araújo, Gleina Costa Silva Alves, Flávio Gonçalves de Jesus*

Instituto Federal Goiano – Campus Urutaí, Brazil
Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Brazil
Universidade Estadual de Goiás, Brazil

Abstract
Seed-sucking insects are economically important pests affecting soybean in Brazil. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of chemical inducers on insect resistance in soybean on the neotropical brown stink bug, Euschistus heros (F.) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) using varying levels of inherent resistance in soybean. Seedpods from of the soybean varieties ‘IAC 100’ and ‘IAC 17’ (antibiosis resistant and non-preference resistant varieties, respectively), ‘Conquista’ (moderately resistant), and ‘Jataí’ (susceptible) that had been treated with one of several inducers, or untreated, were evaluated in choice- and no-choice tests. In addition to analyses of feeding preference, effects of the treatments on the development of E. heros were also studied. The non-preference and antibiosis resistances of varieties ‘IAC 17’ and ‘IAC 100’ were observed when plants of these varieties treated with resistance inducers were fed to E. heros. Potassium silicate, calcium magnesium silicate, and acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM) inducers were found to have a synergistic effect on the resistance of ‘IAC 17’ and ‘IAC 100’ to E. heros. These soybean varieties can be directly used by farmers or associated with silicon application to prevent damage caused by E. heros.

Pages 1404-1409 | Read More | DOI: 10.21475/ajcs.2016.10.10.pne61
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Bi-segmented regression, factor analysis and AMMI applied to the analysis of adaptability and stability of soybean

Ivan Ricardo Carvalho, Maicon Nardino, Gustavo Henrique Demari, Carlos André Bahry, Vinícius Jardel Szareski, Guilherme Pelissari, Mauricio Ferrari, Alan Junior de Pelegrin, Antonio Costa de Oliveira, Luciano Carlos da Maia e Velci Queiróz de Souza

Universidade Federal de Pelotas, CEP 96010-610, Capão do Leão, RS, Brazil
Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná Campus Dois Vizinhos, PR, Brazil
Universidade Federal de Santa Maria Campus de Frederico Westphalen, RS, Brazil
Universidade Federal do Pampa, Dom Pedrito, RS, Brazil

Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the phenotypic adaptability and stability of the soybeans grown in different environments of Rio Grande do Sul through bissegmented regression analysis, factor analysis and AMMI. The experiment was held in 2013/2014 season in a randomized block design factorial (six environments cultivation × 20 genotypes of soybean), arranged in three replications. The results showed that methods of adaptability and stability have similar responses to the rank of environments. The Tenente Portela - RS, Arroio Grande - RS lowland and coxilha were favorable environments, while Santa Rosa - RS and Campos Borges -RS have been recognized unfavorable for soybean genotypes. Differential responses were obtained for the Sarandi - RS environment, where the factor analysis and regression bissegmented revealed that this is a favorable environment, while the method AMMI indicated negative scores and unfavorable. Genotypes TMG 7161 RR and NA5909 RR were indicated as high productivity and recommended for favorable environments for both methods. To reconcile bissegmented regression, factor analysis and AMMI accurately predicted the best genotypes and environments for soybean.

Pages 1410-1416 | Read More | DOI: 10.21475/ajcs.2016.10.10.pne63
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Effects of different sowing dates and row spacing on physiological quality of canola seed

Mayara Mariana Garcia*, Gabriel Loli Bazo, Alessandro Lucca Braccini, Luiz Henrique da Silva Lima, Andréia Kazumi Suzukawa, Keila Regina Hossa

Graduate Program in Agronomy, State University of Maringá (PGA/UEM), Maringá – PR, ZIP CODE: 87020-900, Brazil
Department of Agronomy, State University of Maringá (DAG/UEM), Maringá- PR, Brazil

Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the seed physiological quality of four canola hybrids (Hyola 76, Hyola 61, Hyola 433 and Hyola 411), subjected to two sowing dates (April 08 and May 10) in two different spacings (0.17 and 0.45 m) in Maringá, Paraná state, Brazil, during 2011 and 2012 crop seasons. The experimental design was setup as a randomized complete block design with treatments in a split-split plot arrangement with four replications. Seed physiological quality was evaluated through first and final count of germination test, accelerated aging and electrical conductivity. For 2011 crop season, Hyola 433 had the highest percentage of normal seedlings for both first and final germination counts. Hybrids Hyola 76 and Hyola 433 can be considered for sowing in early May, as it showed higher vigour level in accelerated aging. For 2012 crop season, sowing in early April presented higher percentage of normal seedlings for accelerated aging and first and final count of germination test. Hybrid Hyola 433 showed higher values of electrical conductivity; therefore, lower vigour, when sown in early April at 0.45 m spacing and when sown in early May in 0.17 or 0.45 m spacing, in 2012 crop season. Hyola 411 presented lower electrical conductivity when sown in 0.17 m spacing in 2012 crop season, exhibiting a higher vigour.

Pages 1417-1423 | Read More | DOI: 10.21475/ajcs.2016.10.10.pne73
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Shoot and root development of brachiaria grass (Urochloa ruziziensis) under different levels of soil density

Leandro Pereira Pacheco*, Andressa Selestina Dalla Côrt São Miguel, Edicarlos Damacena de Souza, Ícaro Camargo de Carvalho, Fabiano André Petter, Rayane Gabriel da Silva, Camila Menezes Rodrigues da Silva

Department of Plant Science, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), Rondonópolis, MT, Brazil
Postgraduate Program in Agricultural Engineering, UFMT, Rondonópolis, MT, Brazil
Department of Soil Science, UFMT, Rondonópolis, MT, Brazil
Graduates in Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, UFMT, Rondonópolis, MT, Brazil
Department of Plant Science, UFMT, Sinop, MT, Brazil
Graduates in Agronomy, Faculdade Anhanguera, Rondonópolis, MT, Brazil

Abstract
For mitigation of negative effects of human activities on the soil density, the use of cover crops in no-tillage system (NTS) has been strongly recommended. This study aims to evaluate the shoot and root development of Urochloa ruziziensis subjected to soil density levels in dystrophic Oxisol. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse with a completely randomized design, with five treatments and four replications. The treatments consisted of U. ruziziensis submitted to five levels of soil density (1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6 and 1.8 Mg m-3), twenty experimental units in total. The Urochloa ruziziensis showed reduced plant height, leaf area and number of leaves with increasing soil density, resulting in morphological and physiological changes from densities higher than 1.6 Mg dm-3. However, these results demonstrate the ability of this species to break the compacted ground and form biopores. The Oxisols value of 1.4 mg dm-3 is restrictive for the plant growth and development.

Pages 1424-1428 | Read More | DOI: 10.21475/ajcs.2016.10.10.pne85
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Evaluating the growth performance of eleven Salicornia bigelovii populations under full strength seawater irrigation using multivariate analyses

Dionyssia Aggeliki Lyra*, Shoaib Ismail, Khalil Ur Rahman Bashir Butt, J. Jed Brown

International Center for Biosaline Agriculture, P.O. Box 14660, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Masdar Institute of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
Present address: Center for Sustainable Development, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar

Abstract
Halophytes constitute an indispensable part of seawater farming systems implemented in coastal areas of desert lands where they do not compete with good quality land and water resources. Salicornia bigelovii is considered one of the most promising halophytic species that will grow in a biosaline context. However, suitable germplasm needs to be identified, domesticated and improved in order to achieve high enough yields to compete economically to conventional crops. In the current study, eleven S. bigelovii Torr. populations were evaluated for 22 growth parameters and irrigated with full-strength seawater (SW≈55 dS/m).The study assessed the adaptability of such plant material under the hot and dry climatic conditions that prevail in the Arabian Peninsula. High variation was observed among S. bigelovii populations for most of the characteristics under study. S. bigelovii genotypes were categorized in four groups based on their growth performance and use: for seed production, green biomass as vegetables for human consumption, and biomass as livestock feed; the fourth category was comprised of those halophytic genotypes that demonstrated poor overall performance. Pearson correlation analysis highlighted positive and negative associations among the growth parameters. Path analysis unveiled some interesting interrelationships among growth parameters that could be used for further selection to increase seed production such as number of seeds per spike, number of branches, days to flowering and duration of seed maturity. Plant height and growth cycle could be selected for biomass improvement. The multivariate statistical analyses applied in this study, i.e. clustering, correlation and path analyses were very effective in classifying S. bigelovii genotypes and revealed interrelationships among growth traits that could be selected towards S. bigelovii improvement in terms of seed and biomass yield.

Pages 1429-1441 | Read More | DOI: 10.21475/ajcs.2016.10.10.p7258
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Divergence among arabica coffee genotypes for sensory quality

Fabrício Moreira Sobreira*, Antonio Carlos Baião de Oliveira, Antonio Alves Pereira, André Guarçoni M., Ney Sussumu Sakiyama

Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Catarinense (IFC), Rod. BR 280, km 27, cx. postal 21, 89245-000, Araquari, SC, Brazil
Embrapa Café, Vila Gianeti 46, 36570-000, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais (EPAMIG), Vila Gianeti 46, 36570-000, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
Instituto Capixaba de Pesquisa Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural (INCAPER), BR 262 km 94, 29375-000, Venda Nova do Imigrante, ES, Brazil
Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Av. PH Rolfs s/nº, 36570-000, Viçosa, MG, Brazil

Abstract
The production of specialty coffees is the main criterion to add value to the product. However, there is a lack of information regarding genetic variability of C. arabica for quality improvement. The aim of this study was to analyze the genetic divergence among Coffee arabica genotypes regarding the potential cup quality, possible limitations and their potential use in breeding programs to improve quality. We evaluated 101 coffee genotypes from the Germplasm Active Bank of Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais, covering different groups of genealogical origin. A randomized block design was used with two replications. Sensory analysis of the beverage was performed by two tasters per sample (repetition), using the Cup of Excellence methodology enhanced by the Brazilian Specialty Coffee Association. The attributes assessed were clean cup, sweetness, acidity, body, flavor, aftertaste, balance, overall and final score. K-means and Ward clustering methods were used to study the genotypes divergence. Based on sensory scores, the formed clusters differed with regards to all sensory characteristics (P ≤ 0.01). Three K-means clusters were formed among 40, 45 and 16 genotypes, with final average scores of 80.11, 83.17 and 87.56 points, respectively. Ninety percent of the genotypes evaluated have the genetic potential to produce specialty coffees. The observed divergence indicates the potential of genetic gains for quality and the Híbrido de Timor germplasm can be used for this purpose.

Pages 1442-1448 | Read More | DOI: 10.21475/ajcs.2016.10.10.p7430
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Physical and chemical changes in guava raisin (Psidum guajava l.) produced by osmotic dehydration and drying convective

Deise Souza de Castro*, Juarez Everton Farias Aires, Kalina Ligia C. A. F. Aires, Aluízio Freire da Silva Junior, Wilton Pereira da Silva, Josivanda Palmeira Gomes

Post-Graduation Program in Agricultural Engineering, PPGEA, Federal University of Campina Grande, UFCG –Campina Grande, State of Paraiba, Brazil
Post-Graduation Program in Process Engineering, PPGEP, Federal University of Campina Grande, UFCG - Campina Grande, State of Paraiba, Brazil
Department of Physics, Federal University of Campina Grande – UFCG - Campina Grande, Paraiba, Brazil
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande - UFCG - Campina Grande, State of Paraiba, Brazil

Abstract
The osmotic dehydration pre-treatment is used to partially reduce the fruit initial water content, before convective drying. Purpose of the present work is to investigate the influence of osmotic treatment followed by convective drying on the physicochemical parameters of guava slices. The Paluma guava was cut into slices of 3.0 × 2.0 × 0.9 cm, dehydrated and dipped in sucrose syrup at concentrations of 40, 50 and 60 °Brix, at temperatures of 30, 40 and 50 °C. The process was again supplemented by convective drying at temperatures of 50, 60 and 70 °C. Guava-raisins with and without pre-osmotic treatments were subjected to the following physico-chemical analyzes: soluble solids, pH, total acidity, ash, reducing and total sugars, water activity (Aw). The color revealed considerable increase and the total sugar reduced as a result of the syrup concentration and osmotic dehydration temperatures. Also, the pH and Aw lowered through application of treatments. From the results it is recommended that the production of guava passes under dehydrating conditions of 60 °Brix at 50 °C and further drying temperature of 60 ° C is efficient.

Pages 1449-1454 | Read More | DOI: 10.21475/ajcs.2016.10.10.p7455
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Effect of tobacco leaf width/length ratio on tobacco quality: a case study in the Chongqing tobacco production area

Jiang Hou-long, Xu Chen*, Wang Dai-bin, Gen Li-na, Zhao Ming, Zhu Xiao-wei

Chongqing Tobacco Science Research Institute, Chongqing 400715, China
Chongqing Tobacco Company, Chongqing 400020, China

Abstract
This study aimed at investigating the effect of the width/length ratio of flue-cured tobacco leaves on their chemical composition and neutral aroma components. Yunyan 87 was selected as the raw material, and four treatment conditions were designed for the middle and upper leaves. All research was conducted in the city of Chongqing in southwest China. Results indicated that correlations between the width/length ratio and the contents of total sugar, reducing sugar, and potassium, the difference between total and reducing sugar contents, the ratio of sugar to nicotine, and the ratio of potassium to chlorine were significantly positive in the upper and middle leaves. By contrast, correlations with the contents of nicotine and chlorine and the ratio of reducing to total sugar were significantly negative. In addition, the contents of phenylalanines, Maillard reaction products, carotenoids, neophytadiene, and neutral aroma components were higher in the leaves with larger width/length ratios. Therefore, appropriate measures should be implemented to increase the width/length ratio of the upper and middle leaves of tobacco to achieve improvements in tobacco quality.

Pages 1455-1459 | Read More | DOI: 10.21475/ajcs.2016.10.10.p7670
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Exploiting cucurbitaceous species as rootstocks for management of Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum) in bitter gourd

N.A. Tamilselvi*, L. Pugalendhi, T. Raguchander

Department of Vegetable Crops, Horticulture College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore-641 003, India
Tapioca and Castor Research Station, Yethapur, Salem-636 119, India
Agricultural College and Research Institute, Vazhavachanur, Thiruvannamalai, India

Abstract
Bitter gourd is affected by various kinds of pathogens, of which Fusarium wilt Fusarium oxysporum plays a vital role. The present investigation focuses on the role of defense related enzymes which impart resistance against Fusarium wilt. A total of twelve cucurbitaceous rootstocks and two bitter gourd scions were screened against Fusarium wilt pathogen under in vitro. Results on screening against Fusarium wilt revealed that Citrullus colocynthis, Cucumis metuliferus and Cucurbita moschata exhibited no symptom and manifested as resistant to Fusarium wilt and the least percent incidence of 21.62, 37.44 and 48.90 was observed in Luffa cylindrica followed by Momordica charantia var. muricata rootstock (23.58, 42.18 and 50.34) at 30, 45 and 60 days after inoculation. Seedlings of aforementioned species were harvested at 0, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days after challenge inoculation and assayed for defense related enzymes activity. Significant increases in the activities of peroxidase (PO), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity was observed in resistant rootstocks viz., C. colocynthis, C. metuliferus and C.moschata followed by moderately resistant rootstocks viz., M. charantia var. muricata and L. cylindrica. Native page analysis of both PO and PPO isozymes was carried out for the time course and examined. Isozyme analysis revealed that unique PO and PPO isozymes were induced in aforementioned resistant rootstocks. From this study point out that the cucurbit species viz., kumatikai (C. colocynthis), African horned cucumber (C. metuliferus) and pumpkin (C. moschata) with high or moderate levels of these biochemical constituents suffered less for Fusarium wilt pathogen and these rootstocks served as the best rootstocks for grafting with bitter gourd scions followed by mithipakal(M. charantia var. muricata) and sponge gourd (L. cylindrica).

Pages 1460-1465 | Read More  Supplementary Data | DOI: 10.21475/ajcs.2016.10.10.p7750
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Plant growth and genetic polymorphism in glyphosate-resistant sourgrass (Digitaria insularis L. Fedde)

Juliano Francisco Martins, Arthur Arrobas Martins Barroso*, Leonardo Bianco de Carvalho, Anne Elise Cesarin, Cárita Liberato do Amaral, Mariluce Pascoina Nepomuceno, Janete Aparecida Desidério, Pedro Luis da Costa Aguiar Alves

São Paulo State University-UNESP, Department of Applied Biology, 14884-200, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil

Abstract
Weed herbicide resistance has been a challenge in agriculture. The objective of this study was to detect sourgrass (Digitaria insularis (L.) Fedde) glyphosate-resistant plants and to evaluate the growth and polymorphism rate between the resistant and susceptible biotypes, as a subsidy for the integrated management of species. An experiment was conducted primarily for the detection of weed resistance using increasing doses of glyphosate to generate a dose-response curve. Then, an experiment consisting of eight treatments (destructives analysis of growth) and five replications was conducted to characterize and compare the phenological stages of each biotype. In addition to visual assessments, the dry weight and leaf area, absolute and relative growth rates, net assimilation rate and leaf area ratio of plants were determined. Finally, polymorphism among biotypes was determined using inter simple sequence repeat molecular markers. A resistant factor of 3.12 was found among the biotypes. The resistant biotype grew faster and was more robust than the susceptible biotype, arriving first to flowering. The resistant biotype was better adapted to light interception. The 25 inter simple sequence repeat molecular markers analysis showed a polymorphism rate of 56.6% among the analyzed biotypes.

Pages 1466-1473 | Read More | DOI: 10.21475/ajcs.2016.10.10.p7761
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Genetic variability among common black bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) accessions in southern Brazil

Ivan Ricardo Carvalho*, Maicon Nardino, Mauricio Ferrari, Alan Junior de Pelegrin, Gustavo Henrique Demari, Vinícius Jardel Szareski, Diego Nicolau Follmann, Carlos André Bahry, Velci Queiróz de Souza, Antonio Costa de Oliveira, Luciano Carlos da Maia

Universidade Federal de Pelotas, CEP 96010-610, Capão do Leão, RS, Brasil
Universidade Federal de Santa Maria Campus de Frederico Westphalen, RS, Brasil
Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná Campus Dois Vizinhos, PR, Brasil

Abstract
To obtain superior genotypes, the use of natural genetic variability is essential, aiming to select parents that will make future crossings blocks. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the genetic variability and dissimilarity using multivariate analyzes in common black bean accessions native to southern Brazil. The experiment was conducted in the 2014/2015 in Frederico Westphalen – RS. The experimental design was augmented blocks (RCBD) with four repetitions (totally 149 treatments), in which 147 black common bean accessions were evaluated. Two commercial cultivars were used as witnesses: BRS Esplendor and BRS Supremo. The phenotypic traits such as days to flowering, plant height at flowering, days to maturity, plant height at maturity, insertion of the first pod, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, mass of seeds per pod, number of branches, mass of seeds per plant, seed length, seed width, seed flattening, seed brightness, presence of halo, color of the halo were measured. The distributions of phenotypic frequencies indicate genetic variability among the 149 genotypes of common black bean. The Tocher optimization method presents the formation of eight groups of genotypes. The dendrogram formed by the standardized Euclidean distance was efficient in the stratification of the accessions for their genetic distance. The relative contribution evaluated by Singh method shows that the characters days to flowering and seed brightness are those that best discriminate the genotypes. The multivariate techniques of Tocher optimization and the standardized Euclidean distance show similar responses, proving to be viable tools for the choice of parents in a breeding program.

Pages 1474-1483 | Read More | DOI: 10.21475/ajcs.2016.10.10.p7786
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Suppression effect of Crotalaria ochroleuca cover crop on Amaranthus deflexus emergence and development

Tiago de Oliveira Sousa, Wéverson Lima Fonseca, Adaniel Sousa dos Santos, João Batista da Silva Oliveira, Aline Sousa dos Santos, Leandro Pereira Pacheco, Daniela Vieira Chaves, Alan Mario Zuffo*

Department of Agriculture, Federal University of Piauí, 64900-000, Bom Jesus, Piauí, Brazil
Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, 64900-000, Bom Jesus, Piauí, Brazil
Department of Agriculture, Federal University of Mato Grosso, 78735-000, Rondonopólis, Mato Grosso, Brazil
Department of Agriculture, Federal University of Lavras, 37200-000, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil

Abstract
The weed infestation suppression by chemicals released by plants can occur due to crop residues left on the soil surface or through the incorporated straw in the soil. The aim of this study was to evaluate the suppression of Amaranthus deflexus as a result of cover crops and residue amounts of Crotalaria ochroleuca. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse from May to August, 2014. The experimental design was a randomized block with four repetitions. The treatments were arranged in a factorial scheme (3x5)+1, with the following factors : (A)-management of the cover crops (incorporated, incorporated + surface and soil surface) ; (B)-straw levels (3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 t ha -1 ) and a control treatment without the use of cover crop (control - 0 t ha-1). The evaluated variables were: total number of emerged plants, emergence speed index, dry mass, leaf area, root dry mass and root volume. The management of different straw amounts was efficient, mainly when the incorporate+surface and surface in suppressing of A. deflexus forms were used.

Pages 1484-1488 | Read More | DOI: 10.21475/ajcs.2016.10.10.p7817
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Anatomical features of an African sorghum landrace adapted to flooded conditions

Sylvie Jaffuel*, Kirsten vom Brocke, Tuong-Vi Cao Hamadou, Audrey Dardou, Alain Vidal, Gilles Trouche

CIRAD, UMR AGAP, F-34398 Montpellier, France

Abstract
This research aims to evaluate adaptation of two contrasting sorghum genotypes to flooding: a landrace from Cameroon described as a “floating sorghum” (Wulaga) and a typical dryland improved variety (Cirad437) from Burkina Faso. Anatomical and morphological features of the basal internodes were quantified in control conditions (drained pots) and long-term flooded conditions from the five-leaf stage for the entire cropping cycle. This study revealed that the Wulaga variety expressed aerenchyma in basal internodes in both control and flooded treatments (constitutive aerenchyma) whereas Cirad437 only developed aerenchyma in flooded conditions (inducible aerenchyma). The level of lignification and epidermis thickness of basal internodes was identical for the two varieties and the two treatments, suggesting that lignin does not contribute to the enhancement of a tight barrier against O2 losses. However, Cirad437 showed shorter and larger internodes in flooded conditions while Wulaga did not show any difference between the two conditions. Results indicate the existence of diversity in adaptive response to flooded conditions for the two varieties. Further studies on phenotypic traits associated with phenology, leaf traits, root traits and yield components, are needed to confirm these preliminary results and to explore a broader range of genetic diversity that could be used for future sorghum breeding programs designed for flood-prone environments.

Pages 1489-1495 | Read More | DOI: 10.21475/ajcs.2016.10.10.p7867

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