Australian Journal of Crop Science   AJCS

Early evaluation of genetic parameters in clonal propagation of bamboo species

José Raimundo Ludovico de Sousa, Anderson Marcos de Souza, Jonny Everson Scherwinski Pereira, Cristiane Aparecida Fioravante Reis, Rossana Cortelini da Rosa, Alexandro Dias Martins Vasconcelos, Dione Dambrós Raddatz*

Universit of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil
Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, Brazil
Embrapa, Santo Antônio de Goiás, Brazil
Federal Universit of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil

Abstract
Bamboo plantation has gained great attention in Brazil due to its useful production provided to the society and the ecological, economic, social and cultural functions of these plantations. For the establishment of high productivity plantations, evaluation of germplasm and selection of superior genotypes is necessary. This work aimed at early evaluation of the genetic parameters of potential bamboo species for planting in Brasília/DF. For this purpose, a clonal test consisting of seven species was established: Bambusa oldhamii, Bambusa vulgaris, Bambusa vulgaris var. vittata, Dendrocalamus asper, Dendrocalamus latiflorus, Guadua angustifolia and Guadua chacoensis. The experiment was planted in a completely randomized block design, with three replications and fifteen plants per plot. At 360 days after planting, all individuals were evaluated for their characteristics: height of aerial part, number of sprouts, clump base area, clump coverage area and density of stalks per clump. The statistical analyses were carried out through the procedure of mixed models: Maximum Residual Likelihood/Better Non-Victimised Linear Prediction. There were significant species effects on the characteristics of the aerial part height and number of shoots, as well as high estimates of selective accuracies. Genetic parameters and genotypic values demonstrate genetic variability between species and the possibility of future gains from selection. New evaluations will be carried out annually to aim a greater knowledge of the behavior of germplasms at different ages. At the age of five (commercial court), the best genotypes will be selected for the experimental environmental conditions.

Pages 324-328 | Full Text PDF| doi: 10.21475/ajcs.22.16.03.p2561
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Physiological and biochemical performance of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) seeds treated with essential oils used to control phytopathogens

Lilian de Souza Vismara*, Thayllane de Campos Siega, Edson Bertoldo, Sérgio Miguel Mazaro, Edgar de Souza Vismara, Maristela dos Santos Rey, Pedro Valério Dutra Moraes

Postgraduate Program in Agronomy (PPGAG), Federal University of Technology - Paraná (UTFPR), Campus Pato Branco, Via do Conhecimento, km 1, CEP 85503-390, Pato Branco - PR, Brazil
Federal University of Technology - Paraná (UTFPR), Campus Dois Vizinhos, CEP 85660-000, Dois Vizinhos, PR, Brazil

Abstract
This work aimed to evaluate the physiological and biochemical performance of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) seeds treated with essential oils (EOs) of citronella (Cymbopogon sp.), guaçatonga (Casearia sylvestris Sw.), melaleuca (Melaleuca sp. L.), patchouli (Pogostemon sp. Benth), and pitangueira (Eugenia uniflora L.). The experimental design was completely randomized in double factorials (5 oils × 4 doses) at different doses (10, 20, 30, and 40 μL), with an additional treatment that served as growth control (without EOs, 0 μL). In other words, the experimental design entails 5 oils × 4 doses + 1 control, with 4 replicates of 100 Grand Rapid lettuce seeds without industrial chemical treatment. The response variables were: first germination count (FGC, %), last germination count (LGC, %), germination rate (GR), normal seedlings (NS, %), abnormal seedlings (AS, %), aerial part length (APL, cm), fresh mass (mf, g), total soluble proteins content (mg•g-1), and enzyme activities of β-1,3-glucanase (UA•mg-1) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL, UA•mg-1). The lettuce plant proved to be a good reference plant for evaluations related to physiological and biochemical performance when treated with EOs. However, although treatment of lettuce seeds with EOs did not cause undesirable damages, it positively altered the physiological parameters APL and mf. All EOs affected the total proteins content and enzyme activities of PAL and β-1,3-glucanase. Therefore, EOs demonstrated the potential to activate the plant's defense mechanism to control phytopathogens. More specifically, 10 μL of citronella EO activated two plant defense mechanisms: PAL and β-1,3-glucanase activities. In addition, EOs of melaleuca (10 and 40 μL) and patchouli (20 and 30 μL) also activated PAL enzyme activity.

Pages 329-337 | Full Text PDF| Supplementary Data PDF| doi: 10.21475/ajcs.22.16.03.p2874
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Research Note

Resistance to frost in Arabica coffee lines introgressed with Coffea racemosa Lour. genes

Valdir Mariucci Junior, Luciana Harumi Shigueoka, Carlos Theodoro Motta Pereira, Fernando Cesar Carducci, Tumoru Sera, Gustavo Hiroshi Sera*

Instituto de Desenvolvimento Rural do Paraná (IDR Paraná), Plant Breeding Department, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, km 375, Zip Code 86047-902, Londrina-PR, Brazil
Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Agronomy Department, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, km 380, Zip Code 86057-970, Londrina-PR, Brazil

Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess resistance to frost in Arabica coffees with introgression of Coffea racemosa. The field experiment (Londrina, Paraná, Brazil) was assessed after two consecutive frosts in June 2011. Eleven F2BC5 Arabica coffee lines with introgression of C. racemosa were assessed 52 months after planting. C. arabica cultivars IAPAR 59, Tupi IAC 1669-33, Catuaí Vermelho IAC 99 and Mundo Novo IAC 376-4 were used as sensitive controls. Foliar damages assessments were carried out 20 days after exposure to freezing temperatures. Foliar damages were scored using grades ranging from 1 to 5, where: grade 1 = no damage; and 5 grade = from 75.01 to 100.00% damaged leaf area. Levels of foliar damage (e.g. no damage – very severe damages) were classified according to the mean grades of the assessments. Severe leaf damage was observed in the controls, while nine lines showed moderate damage. H0107-32 line is the most resistant to frost, and is the only one which presented slight leaf damage.

Pages 338-342 | Full Text PDF| doi: 10.21475/ajcs.22.16.03.p2925
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Brazil plum fruit (Spondias tuberosa) stored under refrigeration with different types of packaging

Jéssica Guerra Calaes, Luciana Cardoso Nogueira Londe, Maurício Mendes Cardoso, Marlon Cristian Toledo Pereira, Wlly Poliana Antunes Dias

State University of Montes Claros, Brazil
Agricultural Research Company of Minas Gerais, Brazil

Abstract
The objective of this work was to evaluate the use of packaging to maintain quality and extending the postharvest life of umbu tree fruits in different storage periods, stored at 14 ° C and 90% UR. The experimental design used was completely randomized, in a 4 x 4 factorial scheme, with four evaluation periods (0, 4, 8 and 12 days after storage) and four packaging systems (PET, PET with holes, PVC and LDPE), with four replicates and four fruits per experimental unit. The physical and chemical characteristics were evaluated, such as, objective color of the peel, firmness of the intact fruit, soluble solids, titratable acidity, pH and loss of fresh mass. The results were submitted to analysis of variance and regression, using the SISVAR software program. The characteristics of the quantitative factor (types of packaging) were compared by the Tukey’s test at 5% probability, while for those of the qualitative factor (storage period), the adjustment was made to the regression model. There was a significant interaction between packaging and storage periods only for loss of mass. The luminosity characteristic was significant only for the type of packaging. For the other variables such as chroma, HUE angle, firmness, titratable acidity and pH, there was no significant interaction between the factors tested, having significance only for storage period. For soluble solids, there was no significance for packaging and storage period. The PVC and PET packaging were effective in delaying the loss of mass, and withering of the fruits up to 12 days, which kept under refrigeration at 14°C. It was verified that along the storage time, physical and chemical changes occur in the umbu tree fruits.

Pages 343-348 | Full Text PDF| doi: 10.21475/ajcs.22.16.03.p3199
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Physiological and agronomic responses to the application of post-emergence herbicides on sweet potato cultivar selected for its potential as biofuel feedstock

Dawyson de Lima, Rogério Cavalcante Gonçalves, Leonardo Jose Motta Campos, Horllys Gomes Barreto, Márcio Antônio da Silveira, Eduardo Andrea Lemus Erasmo, Solange Aparecida Ságio

Post-Graduate Program in Agroenergy, Federal University of Tocantins, 109 North, NS15 Avenue, 77001-090, Palmas, Tocantins, Brazil
Laboratory of Molecular Analysis, Department of Life Sciences, Federal University of Tocantins, 109 North, NS15 Avenue, 77001-090, Palmas, Tocantins, Brazil
Embrapa Soja, Pesca Aquicultura e Sistemas Agrícolas. 104 South, LO 1Avenue, Palmas, Tocantins, BrazSolange Aparecida Ságio

Abstract
Sweet potato exhibits a prostrate growth habit, which makes weed management to be manually performed or conducted through the application of selective herbicides. Considering the absence of registered herbicides for the selective control of broad leaf weeds on the sweet potato crop, we investigated the physiological and agronomic responses of the sweet potato cultivar Duda, selected for its great potential in biofuel production, to different post-emergence herbicides. Two experiments, one conducted under field conditions and the other under controlled (potted plants) conditions, were performed under a randomized complete block design, with four replicates each. Four different herbicides, atrazine and S-metolachlor (3,5 L.ha-1), carfentrazone-ethyl (0,75 L.ha-1), fomesafen and fluazifop-P-butyl (1,8 L.ha-1) and nicosulfuron (1,25 L.ha-1), were used and the experiments were composed by five treatments with the control (no herbicide application) treatment,. Physiological indicators, including carbon assimilation, stomatal conductance, leaf transpiration rate, internal CO2 concentration, and water-use efficiency were monitored at 24 h, 48 h and 15 d after herbicides application, while agronomic evaluations were performed at 30 and 152 days from herbicide application. Application of atrazine (inhibitor of photosystem II) together with S-metolachlor (inhibitor of cell division/elongation) led to reductions on the physiological indices soon after treatment imposition but it had no effect on dry matter accumulation in the shoot, nor on the roots, not affecting the starch content, storage root productivity, and estimated ethanol production as well. In contrast, application of carfentrazone-ethyl, a protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, exerted significant negative physiological and agronomic effects, decreasing root productivity and estimated ethanol yield. We conclude that the use of atrazine in a mixture with S-metolachlor represents a suitable selective approach for the control of broad leaf weeds in sweet potato crops.

Pages 349-356 | Full Text PDF| doi: 10.21475/ajcs.22.16.03.p3365
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Growth and physiology of maize plants subjected to water deficit and to different brassinosteroid and azospirillum concentrations

Leane Castro de Souza*, Gabriel Gustavo Tavares Nunes Monteiro, Raissa Keytth Monteiro Marinho, Evelyn Fatima Lima de Souza, Sara Cristine Farias de Oliveira, Ana Carolina de Souza Ferreira, Candido Ferreira de Oliveira Neto, Ricardo Shigueru Okumura, Gilmara Pereira da Silva

School of Agrarian Sciences, Federal Rural University of Amazonia, Belém, Brazil
Mato Grosso State University - UNEMAT, Alta Floresta Campus -MT, Brazil

Abstract
Work that demonstrates the use of brassinosteroid and azospirillum bacteria to attenuate the harmful effect of lack of water in corn is incipient. Therefore, the search for an answer that helps to understand the attenuating effect of the use of brassinosteroid and azospirillum bacteria on the physiological characteristics and growth of corn is relevant, since the water demand of the crop is high and the search for alternatives is necessary viable ways to reduce the harmful effects of water deficit. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of brassinosteroid and Azospirillum brasilence on the growth and physiology of corn plants submitted to water stress conditions. The experiment was carried out in a vegetable house with a hybrid K9606 VIP3 corn. The experiment was carried out in a vegetable house, using corn plants, the hybrid K9606 VIP3. The experimental design used was completely randomized, in a 2x2x3 factorial scheme, with six replications, totaling 72 experimental units. The first factor corresponds to two water regimes (presence and absence of water deficit). The second factor corresponds to inoculation via seed (at the time of sowing) of Azospirillum brasilense and absence of inoculation. And the third factor corresponds to the application of three concentrations of brassinosteroids (0, 0.3 and 0.6 μM Br). Plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, root dry weight, leaf and stem, relative water content, chlorophyll a, b, carotenoids, sucrose, starch and total soluble carbohydrates in the leaves and roots were determined. Chlorophyll a levels were highest in water-deficient, inoculated plants with 0.3 μM brassinosteroids. In water-deficient, inoculated plants, the carbohydrate levels were higher in plants with 0.3 and 0.6 μM brassinosteroids. Among plants that were water-deficient and inoculated, plants treated with 0.6 μM brassinosteroids had the highest relative water content. Thus, it is recommended the inoculation of seeds and application of 0.6 μM of brassinosteroids together with Azospirillum brasilense in water-deficient maize plants.

Pages 357-364 | Full Text PDF| doi: 10.21475/ajcs.22.16.03.p3381
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Assessment of genetic diversity of Moroccan Pistacia lentiscus L. populations using ISSR markers

Wassila Bouta, Said Bouda, Youssef Ait bella, Youssef khachtib, Mohammed El Hansali, Taoufik El Rasafi, Abdelmajid Haddioui*

Laboratory of Biotechnology and Valorization of Plant Genetic Ressources, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Sultan Moulay Slimane, P.O. 523, Beni-Mellal 23000, Morocco

Abstract
Pistacia lentiscus L. is an indigenous species of considerable ecological and economic importance. An understanding of the patterns of genetic variation within and between Moroccan populations of this species is essential to design optimal genetic management strategies for its conservation. Here, inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) technique was used to study genetic variation of 11 populations sampled from different regions in Morocco. The 13 primers used produced 121 bands which 110 bands (90.90 %) were polymorphic. The mean values of PIC, RP, I and Ht were 0.79; 4.89; 0.47 and 0.31 respectively, implying the important genetic variability between the studied populations. Moreover, AMOVA analysis showed that 58% of total genetic variability is accounted within population and 42% between populations. The UPGMA dendrogram and Bayesian model-based clustering approach identified five gene pools structured independently from the geographical origin of populations. These results indicate that the ISSRs markers used represent an efficient and important tool for the genetic analysis of the lentisk and the existence of a large genetic variability in this species in Morocco.

Pages 365-371 | Full Text PDF| doi: 10.21475/ajcs.22.16.03.p3390
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Antioxidant and antitumoral potential of terpenes and phenylpropanoids against MCF7, A549 and HT144 cancer cell lines

Rafaela Vieira Souza, Marisa Ionta, Cleber Borges, Vanuzia Rodrigues Fernandes Ferreira, Alex Rodrigues Silva Caetano, Gabriela Aguiar Campolina, Renato de Oliveira Horvath, David Lee Nelson, Maria das Graças Cardoso*

Chemistry Department, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras, 37200-900, MG, Brazil
Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL), Alfenas, 37130-000, MG, Brazil
Postgraduate Program in Biofuels, Federal University of The Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys, Diamantina, 39100-000, MG, Brazil
Food Sciences Department, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras, 37200-900, MG, Brazil

Abstract
Essential oils are a complex mixture of terpenes and phenylpropanoids that have several biological activities, including antioxidant and antitumoral activities. The present study sought to evaluate the antioxidant potential of monoterpenes and phenylpropanoids by different methods (stabilization of free radicals, inhibition of lipid peroxidation, and complexation of metals). In addition, the antitumor potentials of these compounds were evaluated on human estrogen-positive breast cancer (MCF-7), non-small cell lung cancer (A-549), and melanoma cancer (HT-144) cell lines. Cisplatin (6 µg mL-1) was used as a positive control. The cell viability was studied and the quantification of DNA was performed. The antioxidant activity results were analyzed by linear regression and antitumor activity were analyzed via analysis of variance and the Dunnett test. A greater antioxidant activity was observed for the phenolic compounds carvacrol, thymol and eugenol than for the standards (BHT, mannitol and ascorbic acid) by the methods tested. A dose-response effect was observed for the less active compounds, revealing the influence of the concentration of the constituents. Carvacrol displayed an important cytotoxic activity against the estrogen-positive MCF-7 cell line, and citral was more active against A549 cells and HT144 melanoma cells. The positive control Cisplatin showed low cell viability over the A549 and HT44 cells, and showed high cell viability over the MCF-7 cell. The antitumor activity of citral observed against HT144 cells is associated with its ability to promote the cell cycle at the G1/S transition, at least in part.

Pages 372-380 | Full Text PDF| doi: 10.21475/ajcs.22.16.03.p3395
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Production, forage quality and cattle performance in Paiaguas palisadegrass and Tamani grasses in different forms of animal supplementation in crop-livestock integration

Mariane Porto Muniz*, Kátia Aparecida de Pinho Costa, Eduardo da Costa Severiano, Ubirajara Oliveira Bilego, Lourival Vilela, Mariana Borges de Castro Dias, Itamar Pereira de Oliveira, Luiz Felipe Aprígio de Assis, Wender Ferreira de Souza, Rosane Cláudia Rodrigues

Graduate Program in Agricultural Sciences/Agronomy - Goiano Federal Institute, Rio Verde, Goias, Brazil
CNPq Research Productivity Fellowship, Graduate Program in Agricultural Sciences/Agronomy - Goiano Federal Institute, Rio Verde, Goias, Brazil
Researcher of Institute of Science and Technology Comigo, Rio Verde, Goias, Brazil
Researcher Embrapa Cerrados, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
Professor Federal University of Maranhão, Maranhão, Brazil

Abstract
Crop-livestock integration is the production strategy that consists of the diversification and integration of the different productive, agricultural and livestock systems, within the same area. Thus, the goal was to evaluate the production, forage quality and cattle performance in Paiaguas palisadegrass and Tamani grasses in different forms of animal supplementation in crop-livestock integration. The study was set up a randomized block experimental design, with four replicates, in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of two forages (BRS Tamani and BRS Paiaguas) and two animal supplementation strategies (mineral and protein-energy supplementation), in a crop-livestock integration system. Paiaguas palisadegrass showed higher forage production in all grazing cycles. Both forages showed satisfactory results in terms of average daily weight gain and total weight. The provision of protein supplementation to animals did not interfere with animal performance. Paiaguas palisadegrass and Tamani guinea grass showed potential in crop-livestock integration in succession to soybean and may be an alternative of quality food to be offered in the dry season. The system contributed to maintaining the sustainability of animal production on pasture.

Pages 381-388 | Full Text PDF| doi: 10.21475/ajcs.22.16.03.p3413
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Changes in quality properties of anthocyanin, protein and amylose contents in colored rice grains during storage

Le Thi Kim Loan, Le Huu Hai, Nguyen Thi Tho, Nguyen Minh Thuy, Tran Dang Khanh

Faculty of Agriculture and Food Technology, Tien Giang University;
Institute of Applied Science, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HUTECH), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Faculty of Agriculture, Can Tho University.
Agricultural Genetics Institute, Hanoi, Vietnam
Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam

Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the world’s most important cereal crop and is in great demand to supply stable food for over half of the worldwide population, particularly in Asia countries. Aside from nutritional value, pigmented rice is being considered a promising source of antioxidant molecules and bioactive compositions, which increasingly received much attention from researchers and food producers around the world. This study aims to determine the quality modification of “Cam”, a colored - paddy rice under the different storage conditions. The treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design and repeated 15 times each with packaging factors including poly amid bag (PA), polypropylene bag (PP), and Jute bag (JB). The variations of anthocyanin, protein and amylose contents during storage were determined. The results have revealed that there were no significant changes in “Cam” rice- anthocyanin and protein contents during 3 months of stock for all samples, but a slight decrease of these contents after 6 months of storage and a great decline of those for 9 and 12 month-stored samples. Meanwhile, the rice samples’ amylose content showed a lower decrease, especially for those stored in PA bags during 9 months of stock. As a result attained, this study has found the optimal to store pigmented rice paddy rice at 25°C under the vacuumed-packed PA packaging.

Pages 389-393 | Full Text PDF| doi: 10.21475/ajcs.22.16.03.p3423
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Assessment of spatial variability of soil fertility index in a Dystrofic Yellow Latosol

Antônio Lopes do Bonfim Neto, Francisco de Assis Oliveira, Eduardo Cezar Medeiros Saldanha, Pedro Silvestre Campos, Mario Luiz Ribeiro Mesquita*

Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, Campus Bacabal – MA, Brasil
Universidade Federal Rural da Amazonia, Instituto de Ciências Agrárias, Belém –PA Brasil
Eduardo Cezar Medeiros Saldanha, Desenvolvimento Técnico Yara, Brasil
Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, Campus Bacabal e Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agricultura e Ambiente, Brasil

Abstract
The lack of knowledge about the variability of the soil fertility index often leads to the use of inadequate amounts of fertilizers for certain areas within the crop. Aiming to analyze a set of variables from the soil chemical analysis, the multivariate analysis was applied in order to condense these variables into a smaller group of factors without important information loss to create a Soil Fertility Index. Soil sampling was carried out in a total area of approximately 740 ha, with a sampling grid of 5 ha, making a total of 148 sampling points. Four factors: (1) exchangeable aluminum (Al), aluminum saturation (m%), base saturation (V%), calcium, pH, Mg and P. Al and m% (2) the CTC and OM variables (3) Fe and Mn variables and (4) B, S and Zn were extracted from the factorial analysis explaining 74.79% of the total variance of the data, which is satisfactory by the criterion of the variance percentage. The analysis showed that in the sample dataset, an intersection was occurred in the mean dataset forming three centroids which coincides with the number of properties where the set of samples was collected. The use of multivariate analysis proved to be efficient for the proposed study, since the analysis of variance could not show efficiency due to the interrelations between the variables causing bias in the results. Based on the universe analyzes studied here, approximately 97% of the sampled area presented satisfactory or high soil fertility levels, which leads to the use of reduced amounts of fertilizers in most of the growing area.

Pages 394-401 | Full Text PDF| doi: 10.21475/ajcs.22.16.03.p3448
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Rosmarinic acid production of Ehretia asperula Zollinger & Moritzi cell suspension cultures: effects of cell aggregate size, glucose, and chitosan

Pham Thi My Tram*, Ngo Ke Suong, Le Thi Thuy Tien

Department of Biotechnology, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology, Vietnam
Institute of Applied Technology, Thu Dau Mot University, Binh Duong, Vietnam,
Institute of Tropical Biology, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam

Abstract
Rosmarinic acid (RA) is an ester of caffeic acid and 3,4-dihydroxy phenyl lactic acid with anti-oxidant, anti-bacterial, anti-viral, and anti-cancer properties. It has been found in some plants of the Boraginaceae and Lamiaceae families. Ehretia asperula Zollinger & Moritzi is a medicinal plant, widely distributed in some countries such as China, Vietnam, Myanmar, and Thailand. Cell suspensions were obtained by transferring 1 g of friable callus into 20 mL of B5 liquid medium supplemented with 0.4 mg/L NAA and 0.1 mg/L BA, on orbital shaker at 90 rpm in the dark. The subculture was carried out after each of 21 days along with removing brown cell aggregates. To investigate the effects of cell aggregation, glucose, and chitosan on cell biomass and RA biosynthesis, the yellow cell suspensions were transferred to a new liquid medium. The results showed that non-sieved cell aggregates produced the highest biomass and RA content of E. asperula Zollinger & Moritzi cell suspension cultures. Glucose concentrations had direct effects on RA production. An addition of 45 mg/L glucose showed a significant (1.198 fold) increase in RA yield compared with control (30 mg/L) and other concentrations. On the other hand, the optimum concentration of chitosan for enhancing RA content was found at 50 mg/L after 48 hours of treatment, with an RA concentration 1.17 times greater than the control. These findings suggested that the using of cell clusters which size more than 0.125 mm, the addition of appropriate concentrations of sugar and chitosan could stimulate RA biosynthesis of E. asperula Zollinger & Moritzi cell suspensions.

Pages 402-407 | Full Text PDF| doi: 10.21475/ajcs.22.16.03.p3522
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Morphophysiological comparison of Schizolobium parahyba varieties seedlings cultivated under different shading levels

Maristela Lima Figueiredo Guimarães Epifanio, Hygor Gomes de Almeida Sousa, Bruno Aurélio Campos Aguiar, Renata Carvalho da Silva, Camila Freire Dias, Millena Oliveira Xavier, Flávia Bezerra Souza, Valéria Cardoso Lopes, Vitor L. Nascimento, Priscila Bezerra de Souza*

Postgraduate Program in Forestry and Environmental Sciences, Federal University of Tocantins (UFT) - Gurupi Campus, 77402-970, Gurupi - TO, Brazil
Department of Forest Engineering - Faculty of Technology, University of Brasília (UnB) - Darcy Ribeiro Campus, 70910-900, Brasília - DF, Brazil
Department of Forest Engineering and Technology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), 80210-170, Curitiba - PR, Brazil
Plant Physiology Sector - Department of Biology, Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA)), 37200-900, Lavras - MG, Brazil

Abstract
Schizolobium parahyba varieties are found in both Atlantic and Amazon Forests, being considered suitable raw material for pulp, paper, pharmaceutical, and bioenergy industries. Hence, seeking to exploit the production of native seedlings adapted to adverse environments, this work aimed to evaluate seedlings growth of two S. parahyba varieties under three different shading conditions (full sunlight, 30%-shading screen, and 70%-shading screen). We carried out the experiment in full sunlight, 30% shading screen and 70% shading screen and used a commercial substrate Tropstrato Florestal ® in a factorial scheme 2x3, for 90 days. Growth and physiological (gas exchange and pigments content) parameters were assessed at the end of the experiment. In contrast to the results found for this analysis, verified by means of the IRGA measuring device, most of the growth traits differed among treatments while the photosynthetic pigments were strongly influenced by shading levels regardless of varieties. S. parahyba var. amazonicum ‘Paricá’ presented better fitting and growth under 70%-shading screen, since it displays a close physiognomy of ‘terra firma’ regions, thus being suitable for reforestation in closed-canopy forests. On the other hand, S. parahyba var. parahyba ‘Guapuruvu’ presented better responses on growth parameters under the 30%-shading screen, with potential for open forests. S. parahyba varieties present some phenotypic variation to shading levels wherein this information can be useful for this species management.

Pages 408-414 | Full Text PDF| doi: 10.21475/ajcs.22.16.03.p3556
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Nutrient composition of some important Brazilian savanna trees and their potential for animal feed

Carlos de Melo e Silva Neto*, Paulo Vitor Divino Xavier de Freitas, Iara Jaime de Pina, Bruno Cézar dos Santos, Nayara Carolina Alves Rodrigues, André Luiz Rodrigues da Silveira, Giovana Fogaça Gonzaga, Francine Neves Calil

Federal Institute of Goiás, Goiás, Brazil
State University of Goiás, Goiás, Brazil
State University of Goiás, Goiás City, Goiás, Brazil
Araguaia Faculty, Goiás, Brazil
State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil

Abstract
Brazilian savanna (Cerrado) trees present high diversity, whether they are being used by fauna and traditional populations as food or medicine. However, little research has been done to evaluate the nutrient composition of different species relevant to society, which may highlight new uses of these species. The objective of this study was to characterize nutritional aspects of the leaves of different Cerrado native species. Bromatological analyses (i.e. dry matter (DM), total digestible nutrients (TDN), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), crude fiber (CF), mineral matter (MM), and nutrient concentration were performed on five native tree species (Inga cylindrica; Platymiscium floribundum, Piptadenia gonoacantha, Anadenanthera macrocarpa, and Dipteryx alata) that presented potential for animal feed, according to farmer’s reports. The chemical characteristics of the leaves of Cerrado trees were characterized and compared between them. All five species evaluated in this study showed nutritional characteristics that suggest their potential use for animal feed, especially the P. floribundum, I. cylindrica, and P. gonoacantha for their high protein value.

Pages 415-423 | Full Text PDF| doi: 10.21475/ajcs.22.16.03.p3564
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Molecular identity of native coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) germplasm from South Kalimantan, Indonesia

Dindin H. Mursyidin*, Yudhi A. Nazari, Gusti M. Zainal Ahyar, M. Irfan Makruf

Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Lambung Mangkurat, South Kalimantan, Indonesia 70714
Department of Agroecotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Lambung Mangkurat, South Kalimantan, Indonesia 70714

Abstract
Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) is an agricultural commodity that is very prospective to be developed in Indonesia and other tropical countries, but its development is constrained by various factors. This study aimed to determine the genetic identity, as well as diversity and relationships of native coconut germplasm from South Kalimantan, Indonesia, using a cpDNA (matK) marker. The results show that this germplasm has a low-level genetic diversity, π% = 0.0258. However, the phylogenetic analysis revealed that native coconut germplasms from this region have separated into different clades, two for Maximum Likelihood and three for Neighbor-Joining, where Genjah Kuning 3 has closely related to an outgroup. Thus, this information is important as a fundamental reference in developing new high-yielding coconut in the future.

Pages 424-430 | Full Text PDF| doi: 10.21475/ajcs.22.16.03.p3569