Australian Journal of Crop Science   AJCS

The effect of nitrogen, sulfur and silicate fertilizer application on growth, yield, and biochemical content of vegetable soybean pod (Glycine max L. Merr.)

Slameto*, Kacung Hariyono, Danil Eka Fahrudin, Nak-Young Baek, Cheol-Woo Shin, Dong-Kyu Lee, Woo-Won Kang

Faculty of Agriculture University of Jember Jl. Kalimantan 37, Jember, East Java, Indonesia, 68121
Department of Engineering Chemistry, The Graduate School, Chungbuk National University,
Chungdae-ro 1, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea, 28644
Department of Food & Food Science Industry, Kyungpook National University 1005/102, 178-19 Jungang-ro, Sangju, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea

Abstract
Optimized fertilizer management, focusing on nitrogen, sulfur, and silica, plays a crucial role in agriculture production. This study aimed to investigate the effects of administering sulfur and silica on the growth, production yield, and biochemical contents of vegetable soybean. The investigation was conducted in factorial randomized block design with two factors and three replications. The first factor was the nitrogen (46% N) fertilizer dosage (N1 = 50 kg/ha and N2 = 100 kg/ha), while the second variable was the dosage with the following sulfur-silica soluble compound (2.3% S – 10% Si) fertilizer ratios (P0 = 0 ml/L (control), P1 = 1 ml/L (23 mg/L S and 100 mg/L Si), P2 = 1.33 ml/L (30,7 mg/L S and 133 mg/L Si), and P3 = 2 ml/L (46 mg/L S and 200 mg/L Si). The results indicated that applying 2 ml/L S-Si fertilizer along with 100 kg/ha of nitrogen can lead to the most favorable results in number of branches, number of leaves, number of pods, pod weight per plant, weight of 100 seeds and plant biomass weight. The fertilizer dose comprising of 50 kg/ha of N and 9.2-40 mg/plant of S-Si clearly demonstrated the highest protein content, measuring 110.6 mg/g. S-Si fertilizer dosages, exhibiting a linear escalation in the 11S/7S globulin ratio within vegetable soybean seeds. The peak 11S/7S ratio was observed in the treatment of 100 kg/ha of N - 2 ml/L of S-Si. The study results indicate that a combination of nitrogen fertilizer and sulfur-silicon yields the best vegetable soybean pod yield, improving soybean protein nutritional quality. Therefore, sulfur and silica treatments should be standardized in vegetable soybean management.

Received: 14/12/2023 | Revised: 06/01/2024 | Accepted: 06/01/2024

Pages 55-63 | Full Text PDF| https://doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.24.18.02.PNE-25
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Effect of liming in plinthic and petroplinthic soils for soybean cultivation in the Brazilian Savanna

Olavo da Costa Leite, João Henrique Silva da Luz*, Saulo de Oliveira Lima*, Rubens Ribeiro da Silva, Rodrigo Ribeiro Fidelis, Carmen Maria Coimbra Manhães, Joenes Mucci Peluzio, Osvaldo José Ferreira Júnior, Mauro Gomes dos Santos, Ismael de Oliveira Pinto, Renisson Neponuceno de Araújo Filho, Allan Deyvid Pereira da Silva, Jader Nunes Cachoeira, Gessiel Newton Scheidt

Federal Institute of Tocantins, Colinas, TO, Brazil
University of Sao Paulo, “Luiz de Queiroz” College of Agriculture, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
Federal University of Tocantins, Campus Gurupi, Gurupi, TO, Brazil
Federal Institute of Tocantins, Campus Pedro Afonso, TO, Brazil
Federal University of Tocantins, Campus Palmas, Palmas, TO, Brazil
Federal Institute of Tocantins, Campus Araguatins, Araguatins, TO, Brazil
Federal Institute of Tocantins, Campus Formoso do Araguaia, Formoso do Araguaia, TO, Brazil

Abstract
Agricultural expansion is advancing on marginal soils (Plinthic soils), but the liming recommendation for this soil, especially for soybean cultivation, remains unknown. This study aimed to evaluate soybean (Glycine max) responses to limestone doses in concretionary soils (plinthic and/or petroplinthic). The experiment was carried out in the greenhouse, in randomized blocks, with four soil types and six limestone doses (4x6 factorial scheme), with four replicates. Soils were: RYO: Red-Yellow Oxisols; CPP-29, CPP-72, CPP-82 corresponds to the Concretionary Petric Plinthosol with 29, 72, and 82% concretions, respectively. Limestone doses varied from 0 to 4 times for each soil, based on the recommendation of regional bulletins. Soil temperature, crop emergence, development, and soybean yield characteristics were evaluated. Results were evaluated by ANOVA, followed by the LSD test or polynomial regression adjustment (p ≤ 0.05). Soybean response to liming varied with soil types. Seedlings showed lower vigor in Plinthic soils with plinthite contents ≥72%. These soils showed higher thermal accumulation (°C), and this increase showed a strong negative correlation with soybean development and reproductive characteristics. Evidence of liming response was observed after crop stage V5. Limestone substantially improved soybean growth and development in Plinthic soils with high plinthite levels, although they had lower yield potential than low plinthite levels and Oxisol. In general, the maximum response of the crop occurred at doses ~2 times higher than that practiced in the Brazilian Savanna region, especially in Plinthic soils.

Received: 29/10/2023 | Revised: 29/11/2023 | Accepted: 29/11/2023

Pages 64-71 | Full Text PDF| https://doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.24.18.02.PNE3872
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Identification of proteins associated with reducing regrowth and with the longevity of cane fields

Rone Charles Maranho, Mariana Mancini Benez, Gustavo Barizon Maranho, Adriana Gonela, Adeline Neiverth, Marise Fonseca dos Santos, Ana Lúcia O. Carvalho, Claudete Aparecida Mangolin, Maria de Fátima P. S. Machado*

Postdoctoral in Genetics and Breeding, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR 87020-900, Brazil
Postgraduate in Agronomy, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR 87020-900, Brazil
Department of Agronomy, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR 87020-900, Brazil
Department of Biosciences, Federal University of Paraná, Palotina, PR 86950-000, Brazil
Proteomic Mass Spectrometry Unit, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-901, Brazil
Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR 87020-900, Brazil

Abstract
Budding axillary buds are crucial for the establishment and longevity of commercial and industrial sugarcane varieties (Saccharum spp.). Increasing the longevity of sugarcane varieties beyond the fifth or sixth cutting stage without decreasing agricultural productivity is a promising economic outlook for producers. Identifying the factors that limit the longevity of cane fields can be an alternative to bypass the regrowth limits of axillary buds. This study aimed to evaluate the bud sprouting rates of axillary buds of the variety RB867515 from the first to the fifth cut and to identify the prevalent proteins in the axillary buds of sugarcanes of the first, third, and fifth cutting stages. The ultra-performance liquid chromatography in tandem with quadrupole-time-of-flight electrospray ionization from one-dimensional gel electrophoresis (1DE-UPLC-ESI-QTOF) mass spectrometry approach was used to obtain the proteome of the axillary buds in the first, third, and fifth cuts. The sprouting rate was evaluated using a caliper and considered positive when the budding of the axillary buds increased by at least 6 mm. Proteins were extracted in biological triplicate for each cutting stage, and the identification of proteins, based on acquired MS/MS spectra, was performed using the Mascot tool from Matrix Science against Viridiplantae within the SwissProt/UniProtKB and databases UP7305_Z_mays in Uniprot. The budding rate in the axillary buds of the first cut was 69.8%. In contrast, the germination rate of the axillary buds of the third cutting was 36.4%. Exclusive proteins were identified in the first, third, and fifth cutting stages, and a 49.3% reduction in the number of proteins was observed in the third cut compared to the first one. Absence of essential proteins/enzymes involved in i) carbohydrate metabolism, ii) folding and degradation of proteins (proteolytic functions), iii) 40S and 60S ribosomal subunits, and iv) proteins involved in biotic and abiotic stresses, are factors that may limit the longevity of cane fields from the third cut before the fifth or sixth cutting stage, when productivity in the field became economically unfeasible.

Received: 04/08/2023 | Revised: 20/12/2023 | Accepted: 20/12/2023

Pages 72-80 | Full Text PDF| Supplementary Data PDF| https://doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.24.18.02.PNE4038
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Agronomic performance of dual-purpose Sorghum bicolor (L.) hybrids under water deficit

Alejandro Soares Montaño, Pedro Batista Rosa de Brito, Yohana Clara Siqueira Santana, Gustavo de Faria Theodoro*, Fernando França da Cunha

Fundação Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul – Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Av. Sen. Filinto Müler, 2443 - Pioneiros, Campo Grande - MS, 79070-900, Brazil
Universidade Federal de Viçosa - Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n - Campus Universitário, Viçosa - MG, 36570-900, Brazil

Abstract
This study aimed to assess the agronomic performance of five sorghum hybrids irrigated with two replacement levels of crop evapotranspiration (ETc). The experimental design was randomized blocks in a 5x2 factorial scheme with four replications. The factors were dual-purpose sorghum hybrids (AGRI 002-E, AGRI G1, AGRI G2, BREVANT SS318 and BRS 58) and water replacement levels (50% and 100% of ETc). The replacement of 50% of ETc was defined as water deficit (WD). The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, and sorghum was grown in pots. The mean comparison test showed that plants under WD condition had low values of height, stem diameter, leaf area, chlorophyll content, and a 37% reduction in shoot dry mass productivity. The analysis of principal components revealed that the correlations between the variables changed according to the water regimes. Under WD, water productivity, shoot dry mass, and leaf area index were highly correlated with each other and with the hybrid AGRI 002-E. The hybrid AGRI 002-E showed better performance under normal irrigation conditions, while under WD conditions, the hybrids BREVANT SS318 and BRS 658 also showed good performance. Hybrids with higher leaf area and water productivity performed better under water-scarcity conditions.

Received: 14/09/2023 | Revised: 23/10/2023 | Accepted: 23/10/2023

Pages 81-91 | Full Text PDF| Supplementary Data PDF| https://doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.24.18.02.PNE4047
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Phenological, growth, and yield responses of sweet corn to elevational air temperatures in the humid tropics

Sigit Sudjatmiko*, Mohammad Chozin

Department of Crop Production, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bengkulu, Indonesia

Abstract
Temperature plays a determinant role in the rate of plant metabolic activities and, accordingly, dictates the plant's phenological stages, growth, and productivity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the phenological, growth, and ear yield behavior of ten sweet corn hybrids in response to elevational temperature changes in the humid tropics. Seeds of ten hybrids were grown in three elevations (coastland, midland, and highland). Results show that the hybrids belonged to the same maturity group with comparable accumulated growing degree days, but they varied in green ear yield, harvest index, and heat use efficiency. It was also found that higher elevations lead to longer plant growth and fewer growing degree-day requirements, resulting in increased in biomass accumulation for ear and overall vegetative growth but more efficient in the heat use. These findings will be useful as a guide for crop management scheduling, including fertilizers application, pest control, diseases control, and weed control, to maximize sweet corn yield at different elevations in the humid tropics.

Received: 29/09/2023 | Revised: 22/12/2023 | Accepted: 23/12/2023

Pages 92-98 | Full Text PDF| Supplementary Data PDF| https://doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.24.18.02.PNE4072
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Winter wheat irrigation parameters in the Brazilian Cerrado

Jorge Cesar dos Anjos Antonini, Artur Gustavo Muller, Alexsandra Duarte de Oliveira*, Fabiana Piontekowski Ribeiro, Jorge Henrique Chagas, Angelo Aparecido Barbosa Sussel, Juaci Vitoria Malaquias, Marcos Vinícius Araújo dos Santos, Julio Cesar Albrecht

Embrapa Cerrados, BR 020, km 18, CEP. 08223 – 73310 – 970, Planaltina, DF, Brasil
Embrapa Wheat, Rodovia BR-285, Km 294 Caixa Postal: 3081 CEP: 99050-970 - Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil

Abstract
Wheat is the second most produced cereal in the world. The gap between production and consumption in Brazil shows that wheat production must be increased to meet the domestic demand. In this context, the objective of this study was to determine the crop coefficient of wheat and the ideal moment for irrigation, based on the soil water depletion rate (f). The study was carried out in the tropics, on an Oxisoil (Typic Haplustox), in an experimental field of Embrapa Cerrados in Planaltina, Federal District of Brazil. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks with three replications. The treatments were differentiated by the soil water depletion index (f) of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8. In other words, irrigation was initiated when 20, 40, 60 and 80% of the available soil water capacity (AWC) at a soil depth of 0.4 m was consumed by the crop. Wheat yield and yield components were evaluated. The phenological development was monitored based on Zadok’s scale, in days after emergence, and the management parameters crop coefficient (Kc) and irrigation timing were determined. The results indicated a soil water depletion index of 0.4 as the best indicator for beginning wheat irrigation. Under this condition, Kc can be estimated daily as a function of days after emergence (DAE) by the quadratic polynomial regression or curve fitting method, adjusted as follows: Kc = −0.000298 × DAE² + 0.036695 × DAE + 0.332486. Alternatively, the means of Kc of each phenological crop phase can be used: Kc = 0.45 (establishment); 0.81 (tillering); 1.21 (booting); 1.43 (flowering); 1.27 (grain formation); and 0.89 (maturation). Thus, there is a limit of consumption of soil available water, at which wheat still achieves the full yield potential, with a rational use of water which varies according to the development phase.

Received: 18/10/2023 | Revised: 19/11/2023 | Accepted: 20/12/2023

Pages 99-106 | Full Text PDF| https://doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.24.18.02.PNE4079
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Variation of morpho-agronomical characteristics and genetic diversity of imported asparagus cultivars in Vietnam

Nguyen Hong Hanh, Nguyen Thi Ngoc Dinh, Pham Thi Thu Huong, Do Thi Huong, Phan Thi Thuy, Nguyen Thi Ai Nghia, Nguyen Trung Duc, Tran Anh Tuan

Faculty of Agromomy, Vietnam National University of Agriculture (VNUA), Trau Quy, Gia Lam, Hanoi, Vietnam
Department of Horticulture & High-tech Agricuture, Field Crops Research Institute, Lien Hong, Gia Loc, Hai Duong, Vietnam
Institute of Crops Research and Development, VNUA, Trau Quy, Gia Lam, Hanoi, Vietnam

Abstract
Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) is a perennial plant globally known for its unique texture, good flavor, and high nutritional value. This paper aims to provide information on the phenotypic traits, the situation of stem blight disease of the imported asparagus varieties and introduce suitable asparagus cultivars for Vietnam. The evaluation of morpho-agronomical characteristics variability of 13 imported asparagus cultivars in the first growing year was arranged in a Random Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 3 replicates in Hanoi, Vietnam. Genetic diversity was assessed using hierarchical clustering on principal component analysis of all measured traits. The results showed that 13 asparagus cultivars were classified into 4 main groups matched with geographical origins based on principal component analysis. Atlas achieved the highest harvested yield (11.4 quintals ha-1) in the first harvesting time, which is correlated with high root CHOs level, followed by UC157, WB231 and Grande varieties. Purple passion had the highest sugar and vitamin C content. However, all varieties were infected with stem blight disease. In general, Atlas could be recommended for asparagus cultivation in Vietnam with high yield and good quality.

Received: 13/11/2023 | Revised: 18/11/2023 | Accepted: 20/12/2023

Pages 107-115 | Full Text PDF| https://doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.24.18.02.PNE4101
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Impact of pre-inoculation of soybean seeds with Bradyrhizobium spp. applied 60 days before sowing

Wilson Story Venancio, Eduardo Gilberto Dallago, Gislaine Martins Slusarz, Ibraian Valério Boratto, Vanessa Nathalie Modesto Boratto, Ana Carolina Leite, Rebeca Cuenca, Aline Ratuchne*

CWR Pesquisa Agrícola, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
Nova do Brasil, Londrina, PR, Brazil

Abstract
The pre-inoculation of soybean seeds optimizes sowing process, enhancing biological nitrogen fixation, seed quality, and overall crop yield. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of pre-inoculating soybean seeds with the commercial inoculant Biofix Premium (Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens SEMIA 5080 and Bradyrhizobium japonicum SEMIA 5079, 5x10^9 CFU/mL), along with a cell protector and chemical treatment. Four soybean trials were performed in Paraná, São Paulo, Minas Gerais, and Goiás states during the 2021/2022 agricultural year, utilizing a randomized complete block design with four treatments and six replications. The treatments were: 1- Control (no inoculation); 2- Fertilization with 200 kg.ha-1 of nitrogen; 3- Commercial standard seed inoculation (50 mL/50 kg of seeds) on the sowing day; 4- Seed inoculation with Biofix Premium (125 mL/100 kg of seeds), Protetor Ultra (0.5 mL/kg), Potenzial TS (0.2 mL/kg), and CoMo Platinum (100 mL/ha), applied 60 days before planting. Results showed that Biofix Premium applied 60 days before sowing, formed nodules and nodule mass similar to the comercial inoculant applied at sowing day. This led to a similar nitrogen fixation, chlorophyll content, shoot dry mass accumulation, grain yield, and nitrogen content compared to the comercial inoculant applied at sowing day. Yield gains with Biofix Premium ranged from 5-8% compared to the control (without inoculation), with no significant differences from the commercial seed inoculation applied on the sowing day. The use of insecticides and fungicides together with Biofix Premium, Protector Ultra, and Potenzial TS is recommended in the pre-inoculation of soybean seeds up to 60 days before sowing, without compromising plant nodulation and crop yield.

Received: 13/11/2023 | Revised: 16/11/2023 | Accepted: 20/12/2023

Pages 116-124 | Full Text PDF| https://doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.24.18.02.PNE4106